Маъсул муҳаррир: Филология фанлари доктори, профессор: Г. Х. Боқиева Тақризчилар

Word Order
Subject and Predicate:
Declarative sentences:
1) If the sentence opens an adverbial modifier, it is the predicate that usually comes first, the subject following: tha: ongan he: so:na singan (then began he soon to sing).
2) normally the subject comes first: Ohthere saede…
Interrogative sentences: the predicate comes first: Hwaet sceal ic singan?
The main parts form, as it were, a kind of frame, which encloses the secondary parts.
There are sentences introduced by ‘hit’ and ‘thae:r:, the prototypes of ‘formal it and” the phrase: there is.
Negation: the number of negative words in a sentence is not limited The most common particle is NE which was placed before the verb and often accompanied by other negative words, mostly na:ht or no:ht. They reinforced the meaning of negation. Ne con ic no:ht singan. Ne could be attached to some verbs, pronouns and adverbs to form single words: he: ne mohte na:n thing gese:on (he could not see anything ( na:n form ne + a:n= not one. Hence modern: none, never, neither
Compound and Complex Sentences
They existed in OE, and there are numerous instances of coordination and subordination. In Complex sentences there are such subordinate clauses as subject clauses, object clauses, attributive clauses, adverbial clauses( of place, time, of cause, purpose, result,conditional, of concession, of manner and comparison; and paranthetical clauses.
In the compound sentences clauses were mainly connected either asyndetically or syndetically. The most comon type of syndetic connection was represented by the conjunction and, oδδe (or) or ac(but).
ic me: mid Hruntinʒе do:m ʒewyrce, oδδe mec de:aþ nimeþ
OE texts displayed parenthetical clauses, combined clauses and sentences with coordination and subordination mixed.
The Middle and New English Periods
The evolution of syntax was closely connected with the decline of the inflectional system, hence MdE and ModE sentences got more emphasis on the syntactical means of word connection: the word order became more strict and the use of prepositions more extensive.
The following changes took place:
Agreement: was considerably reduced
a. agreement in noun phrases practically disappeared, except for some instances in number, which were lost in the 15th century when the inflection – e was dropped.
…this holy mayden, that requeste , A good man was ther of religioun. …goode men, etc.
b. nouns used attributeively had forms of the genitive case or were joined to the head word by a preposition: fadres sone, men of armes
c. In Shakespere’s time noun patterns became more fixed: nouns used attributively were enclosed between a determiner and the head word: Jog on, jog on, the footpath way; the darling buds of May; the master mistress of my passion….
Government: has not undergone essential changes.
Joining: it sphere widened by the reduction of agreement; agreement in gender and case was lost: his schoures sote (his sweet showers).