Маъсул муҳаррир: Филология фанлари доктори, профессор: Г. Х. Боқиева Тақризчилар

The German language dialects
The written German is very uniform across Germany and Austria. The spoken German however, presents many dialects which belong to either the High German or to the Low German dialectal groups (note that 'Low German' is not a negative term but just the name of a dialectal group).
High German and Low German dialectal groups are different mainly in their system of sounds, particularly with respect to the consonants. However, it does not exist a generally accepted standard of German pronunciation (although some norms of pronunciation published in 1957 as Deutsche Hochsprache were accepted).
Even the pronunciation of highly educated Germans is affected by their native dialects. Some German-speaking groups, such as the Swabians, Saxons, Austrians, and Swiss, can be distinguished readily by their characteristic types of pronunciation.
Some dialects can be even ininteligibIEs for the others. Such is the case of the German spoken in Switzerland as much writing as spoken.
The German verb "werden" is very versatile. It is used in many ways, and is thus a source of confusion for Learners of German. By itself werden means “to become”. Used with an infinitive (the lit 011 form) of another verb, werden forms the future tense: "Er wird den Brief schreiben." (" He will write the latter.") But used with a past participle, werden forms the passive voice: "Der Brief wurde von ihm geschrieben” (“The Letter was written by him”).
German uses both, the passive voice and the future tense much Less than English. But you will run across them sooner or later. And there is yet another source of confusion for the future tense. The verb "wolIEn" (to want to) often takes the form "will" -­a "false friend" that looks exactly like the English word used to express the future tense. But III will fly to Hawaii,1I is expressed in German as either. "tch werde nach Hawaii fliegen." or even. "Ich fliege nach Hawaii." (the present tense used as future; "I'm flying..." or "I'm going to fly...").
German also has many substitutes for the passive, often using the pronoun “man” (one/youlthey; not to be confused with "der Mann'l German often uses an active construction such as). Hier spricht man Deutsch." for "German spoken here," a passive construction in English.
We'll start with the so-called “simple past” because it's simple. Actually, it's called "simple" because it's a one-word tense (hatte. ging. sprach. machte) and isn't a compound tense like the present perfect (hat gehabt, ist gegangen, habe gesprochen, haben gemacht). To be precise and technical, the Imperfekt or "narrative past" tense refers to a past event that is not yet fully completed (Latin perfect), but I have never seen how this applies to its actual use in German in any practical way. However, it is sometimes useful to think of the “narrative past” as being used to describe a series of connected events in the past, i.e., a narrative. This is in contrast to the present perfect described below, which (technically) is used to describe isolated events in the past.
Used Less in conversation and more in print/writing, the simple past, narrative past, or imperfect tense is often described as the more "formal" of the two basic past tenses in German and it is found primarily in books and newspapers. Therefore with a few important exceptions, for the average Learner it is more important to recognize and be able to read the simple past than to use it. (Such exceptions include helping verbs such as haben, sein, werden, the modal verbs, and few others, whose simple past tense forms are often used in conversation as well as written German).
As a general rule, the farther south you go in German Europe, the Less the simple past is used in conversation. Speakers in Bavaria and Austria are more likely to say, IIlch bin in London gewesen/' rather than IIlch war in London." ("I was in London. ") They view the simple past as more aloof and cold than the present perfect, but you should not be overly concerned about such details. Both forms are correct and most German-speakers are thrilLed when a foreigner can speak their language at all! ­Just remember this simple rule for the simple past: it is used mostly for narration in books, newspapers, and written texts, less in conversation. This brings us to the next German past tense…
The present perfect is a compound (two-word) tense formed by combining an auxiliary (helping) verb with the past participle. Its name comes from the fact that the “present” tense form of the auxiliary verb is used, and the word “perfect”, which, as we mentioned above, is Latin for “done/completed”. (The past perfect [pluperfect, Plusquamperfekt] uses the simple past tense of the auxiliary verb.) This particular German past tense form is also known as the “conversational past” reflecting its primary use in conversational, spoken German.
Because the present perfect or conversational past is used in spoken German, it is important to Learn how this tense is formed and used. However, just as the simple past is not used exclusively in print/writing, neither is the present perfect used only for spoken German. The present perfect (and past perfect) is also used in newspapers and books, but not as often as the simple past. Most grammar books tell you that the German present perfect is used to indicate that "something is finished at the time of speaking" or that a completed past event has results that "continue into the present." That can be useful to know, but it more important to recognize some of the major differences in the way the present perfect is used in German and English.
For instance, if you want to express, "I used to live in Munich," in German, you can say, “Ich habe in Monchen gewohnt.” - a completed event (you no longer live in Munich).
On the other hand, if you want to say, "I have lived/have been living in Munich for ten years, if you can't use the perfect tense (or any past tense) because you're talking about an event in the present (you are still living in Munich). So German uses the present tense (with schon seit) in this situation: "Ich wohne schon seit zehn Jahren in Munchen,” literally “I live since ten years in Munich." (A sentence structure that Germans sometimes mistakenly use when going from German to English!)
English-speakers also need to understand that a German present perfect phrase such as, "er hat Geige gespielt," can be translated into English as: “he has played (the) violin," "he used to play (the) violin," "he played (the) violin,” “he was playing (the) violin”, or even "he did play (the) violin," depending on the context. In fact, for a sentence such as, "Beethoven hat nur eine Oper komponiert," it would only be correct to translate it into the English simple past, "Beethoven composed only one opera, “rather than the English present perfect, "Beethoven has composed only one opera.” (The latter incorrectly implies that Beethoven is still alive and composing).
The regular German verbs follow a predictable pattern in the present tense. Once you learn the pattern for one regular German verb, you know how all German verbs are conjugated. (Yes, there are ~ that don't always follow the rules, but even they will usually have the same endings as the regular verbs.)
The majority of German verbs are regular, even though it may not seem that way I since many commonly used verbs are strong (irregular) verbs.
The chart below lists two sample regular German verbs. All regular German verbs will follow the same pattern. We have also included a helpful list of the more common stem-changing verbs.
These are verbs that follow the normal pattern of endings, but have a vowel change in their stem or base form (hence the name "stem-changing"). The verb endings for each pronoun are indicated in bold type.