Маъсул муҳаррир: Филология фанлари доктори, профессор: Г. Х. Боқиева Тақризчилар

The Caucasian Family of Languages
The Caucasian Family is named after the Caucasus Mountains between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea. This is a very linguistically diverse region.
The languages include Georgian (Georgia), Chechen and Ingush (both found in Chechnya in southern Russia), and Avar (9 dialects from a region called Dagestan). Urartian (extinct language of the Urartu Empire of Eastern Turkey) also belongs to this family.
Some linguists consider that these languages may actually be three separate families.
The languages are dominated by difficult consonant clusters. Ubykh (an extinct language whose last speaker died in 1992 in eastern Turkey) had 81 separate consonant sounds. Attempts are being made to revive it.
Kabardian (spoken in southern Russia) has only three vowels which often disappear in speech.
Many of these languages have a large number of noun cases. Tsez (spoken in a small region between Georgia and Chechnya) has 42.
The languages also have a property called ergativity. This means that the subject of a transitive verb is different from the subject of an intransitive verb. Transitive verbs can take an object (see, hear); intransitive verbs cannot take an object (go, walk).
The Dravidian Family of Languages
North India is dominated by languages of the Indo-European Family.
The Dravidian Family of languages is the very difficult sounding languages of South India. These include the major languages Tamil (spoken in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu, northern Sri Lanka, Singapore and Malaysia), Malayalam (Kerala state), Kannada (from Karnataka) and Telugu (Andhra Pradesh). Each has its own script which has the curved appearance typical of South Indian writing.
Pockets of these languages are found in central India (Gondi, Kurukh, Kui), western India (Tulu) and in the Indus Valley of southern Pakistan (Brahui).