Маъсул муҳаррир: Филология фанлари доктори, профессор: Г. Х. Боқиева Тақризчилар

Use of Auxiliary ‘do’. In Early MnE the verb ‘do’ was widely used as an auxiliary in affirmative sentences devoid of any emphatic character. ‘Do’ is also found in negative and interrogative sentences. However, forms without ‘do’ are also used.
The Gerund: The gerund which came into being in ME, developed further in MnE, gradually separated from the verbal substantive in – ing. The gerund is followed by a noun indicating the object of the action, sometimes it is followed by an of-phrase. In MnE analytical gerund forms appear: the perfect and the passive gerund.
Morphological Classification of Old English Verbs

Strong	Weak	Minor groups
Seven classes with different gradation series	Three classes with different stem-suffixes	Preterite-present verbs Suppletive Anomalous

II. Strong verbs in OE

Classes	infinitive	Past Singular	Past Plural	Participle II	NE
1	Wri:tan	Wra:t	Wr:ton	writen	write
2	(a) ce:osan (b) bu:gan	Ce:as Be:aʒ	Curon buʒon	Coren boʒen	Choose bow
3	Findan Helpan feohtan	Fand Healp feaht	Fundon Hulpon fuhton	Funden Holpen fohten	Find Help fight
4	beran	baer	Bae:ron	boren	bear
5	Cweðan sittan	Cwae:ð saet	Cwa:edon Sae:ton	Cweden seten	Say (quoth) sit
6	scacan	Sco:c	Sco:con	scacen	shake
7	Ha:tan Gro:wan	He:t (heht) gre:ow	He”ton Gre:owon	Haten Gro:wen	Call, name grow

III. Weak verbs

Classes	Infinitive	Past tense	Participle II	NE
I	-an/-ian	-de/-ede/-te	-ed/-d/-t
	Styrian Temman De:man Ce:pan Tellan þyncan	Styrede Temede De:mde Ce:pte Tealde þuhte	Styred Temed De:med Ce:ped Teald þuht	Stir Tame Deem Keep Tell think
II	-ian lo”cian	-ode lo:code	-od lo:cod	look
III	-an libban habban	-de lifde haefde	-d lifd haefd	Live have

IV. Preterite-Present Verbs

Infinitive	Sing. Present	Plu. Present	Past
Witan (know)	wat	winton	Wisse/wiste

Irregular verbs: tellan – tealde – teald;
Conjugation:

Present Indic.	Subjunc.	Inmperative	Past
1. wri:te 2. wri”test 3. wri:teþ Pl. wri:taþ	Wri:te	Wri:t	Wra:t Subjunctive Wri:te War:twrite Pl. writonwriten
Infinitive:	wri:tan	Particple I	Particple II
Dat:	to: wri:tenne	wri:tende(ge)	written

Discussion questions
1. Basic Changes in the development of the Old English Verb System.
2. Strong verbs in Old English.
3. Weak verbs in Old English.
4. Preterite-Present verbs in Old English.
5. Irregular verbs in Old English.
6. Analytical forms in Old English.


Reference

1. 
   Don Ringe. From Proto –Indo-European to Proto-Germanic, Oxford University Press, 2006, 366 p.
   
2. 
   Hogg R. Introduction to Old English. Edinburgh University Press, 2002, 174 p.
   
3. 
   Kuldashev A.M. An Introduction to Germanic Philology. Tashkent, Шарқ Нашр Матбаа акционерлик жамияти. 2010, 154 p.
   
4. 
   Kuldashev A.M. Formation and Development of the Global language. – Tashkent, Turon Iqbol, 2016. 118 p.
   
5. 
   The Cambridge History of the English language. Vol. I. Cambridge University Press, 2005, 613 p.
   
6. 
   Қўлдашев А.М., Хамзаев С.А. Инглиз тили тарихи. Т. Darssprint нашр, 2015. 192 бет.
   

Chapter XXII. THE DEVELOPMENT OF ENGLISH SYNTAX


Key questions
1. Syntax as an important branch of grammar.
2. Phrase structure in Old English.
3. Means of expressing the syntactical relations in Old English.
4. Types of syntactical relations in Old English.
5. Coordination and subordination in Old English.


Old English
The syntactic structure of a language can be described at two levels, the level of phrase, and the level of the sentence. Since OE was largely a synthetic language, the load of syntactic ways of word connection was rather small, and the syntax of the sentence was relatively simple, unless the texts were literal translations from Latin or poems with stereotyped constructions. As a result, coordination prevailed over subordination and complicated syntactical constructions were rare.
The syntactic structure of a language can be described at the level of phrase and at the level of the sentence. In OE texts we find a variety of word phrases (word groups or patterns):

A+ S:	- this is a widely used pattern denoting an object as characterized by a property: spe:dig man, tam de:or.; occasionally the adjective follows its head word: micle meras δersce
S + S	the attribute noun is often in the genitive case: hwa:les ba:n
S + V:	Ohthere sǽde
Pr. + V:	he: sǽde, he: e:ode, etc.
V + Pr:	sing me:
V + S :	Ohthere sae:de his hla:fodre, Aelfre:de cyninge
Pr + S:	mi:ne dagas
N + S:	a:n man, twa: tyccenu (two kids)
V + ADV:	gre:tan luflice (greet livingly)
ADV + A:	swi:the spedig
Prep + S	ofer sae: (across the sea) on Angelcynne (in England), for scome (for shame)
Prep + Pron	to: him, mid him (with him)

Level of sentences
There are three ways of expressing syntactical relations: agreement, government, joining.

Agreement	Government	Joining:
-attribute groups: agree in gender, number and case: micle meras δersce (large fresh-water lakes) (Dat. Pl.)	Case of noun or pronoun depends on the verb: andsware onfo:n (Acc.); bi:dan windes (Gen.); hyre sa:de (Dat.)	- no formal means:adverb+adjective, etc. swi:the spe:dig man gre:tan freondlice

There were also 3-component phrases of the following patterns:
V + S Dat. + S /PR Acc. = sealde hit his me:der (gave it (to) his mother);
V + PREP. + S/PR.= secgan to him, cwae:th to him; and even longer phrases (of 4-5 components).
The Sentence
The simple sentence (main parts)
The Subject is usually expressed by a substantive or a pronoun. (he: sae:de, Ohthere sae:de)
The Predicate: simple verbal, expressed by the form of one verb or in some cases analytical: Ne con ic noht singan. Hwaethre thu: canst singan (But thou canst sing) Hwaeat sceal ic singan? A nominal predicate is always compound: He: waes swy: the spe: dig man.
Secondary parts:
The object: can be expressed by substantives or pronouns in the accusative, dative or genitive case. There are two objects: direct and indirect. Direct object with so called transitive verbs is expressed by a substantive in the accusative case: saegdon sum ha:lig spell (told some holy story). There may be two objects, the indirect object, unlike the direct, is in the dative case: sinʒ me:.
The Attribute: (addjective, pronoun or numeral or by a substantive in the genitive case), or by a phrase: preposition + substantive: he: waes swy:the spedig man
The Apposition: is found in many OE texts Alfred, King
The Adverbial Modifier may be expressed either by an adverb or by a phrase “preposition + substantive” Tha: e:ode he: ha:m. (then he went home)
The Direct Address: can be represented by a single word or a phrase Cedmon, sing me: hwaethwugu. Sunu mi:n, hlyste mi:nre la:re (my son, listen to my teaching)
Paranthesis are not frequent in OE texts. They are represnted either by adverbs or by phrases” preposition + substantive”: hwaethre thu: meaht singan. (however, thou canst sing.)