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The presence of suffixes can unfortunately complicate this otherwise quite straightforward system. If a word’s SP contains one or more suffixes, the last suffix determines how the main stress is placed. If the SP contains two or more suffixes, the suffix before the last one often influences the placement of secondary stress, though not always (this depends on the combination of suffixes used).
From the perspective of stress placement, suffixes can be divided into three groups: stress-neutral, autostressed and pre-stressed. The stress-neutral suffixes do not affect the placement of stress, and are usually disregarded in determining the SP of a word. (For a full list of these see page 12.)
The autostressed suffixes alter the stressing of the word by placing the main stress onto the syllable they appear in. Therefore while the word `million bears initial stress, the word ˈmillio`naire bears final stress since the suffix –aire moves the main stress onto itself. The stress on the first syllable is reduced to secondary. The complete list of autostressed suffixes and endings consists of the following 28 members: -ade, -aire, -aise, -ate (m) (verb-forming use; autostressed only in disyllabic SP’s e.g. create, elate), -ee (m), -een, -eer, -elle, -enne, -esce, -ese, -esque, -esse, -et (m), -ette, -eur, -ier (m), -ine (only autostressed as a noun-forming ending pronounced [-i:n] e.g. magazine), -ique, -ise (noun-forming use pronounced
[-i:z] e.g. expertise), -ite (m) (verb-forming use; autostressed only in words of two syllables, e.g. unite), -ment (m), -ness (in place names, meaning ‘cape’ e.g. Inverness), -oo, -oon, -ose (m), -otte (m), –teen.
Finally, the pre-stressed suffixes are by far the largest group of suffixes. These, as the name suggests, alter the stress by placing it a certain number of syllables back from the syllable these suffixes appear in. These can be further subdivided as follows:
Pre-stressed 1 suffixes are suffixes which cause the stress to fall on the syllable immediately preceding them. This group is quite small, containing only eight suffixes: -erie,
-ic, -id, -ion, -ish (m), -itory, -ity/-ety, -uble.
Pre-stressed 2 suffixes are suffixes which cause the stress to fall two syllables before the syllable containing the suffix: -able (m), -acy (m), -ast, -ate (m) (verb-forming use; pre-stressed 2 in words of three or more syllables), -ate (noun-forming use in chemical terms such as hydrate), -cide, -ene, -er (m) (agent-noun-forming use; pre-stressed 2 only if the stem is not free e.g. astronomer), -fy, -gon, -ine (noun-forming ending pronounced [-aɪn] e.g. turpentine), -ise/-ize (m), -ism (m), -ist (m), -ite (m), -ite (m) (noun-forming use in words meaning native of X or supporter of X; only pre-stressed 2 if the stem is not a free form e.g. Muscovite), -ite (noun-forming use in chemical terms pronounced [-aɪt] such as in anthracite or graphite), -ment (m), -oir (m), -ose (m), -tude, -y (m) (noun-forming use; pre-stressed 2 only if the stem is not a free form or if it is a compound with a weak penultimate syllable e.g. apathy or geometry).
Finally, there is a large group of so called pre-stressed 1/2 suffixes which place stress by principles similar to those for SPs of three or more syllables ending with a weak syllable:
if the syllable before the one containing the suffix is strong, it is stressed
if the syllable before the one containing the suffix is weak, then the syllable before it is stressed
This group contains the following 36 suffixes: -ad, -age (m), -al (adjective-forming use), -an,
-ance (m), -ant (adjective-forming use), -ant (noun-forming use; pre-stressed 1/2 only when the stem is not free e.g. adjutant) (m), -ar, -ary (m), -ate (noun- or adjective-forming use, usually pronounced [ət]; e.g. climate), -ative, -ature, -ee (m), -ée, -ence, -ent, -ery (m), -ible,
-ide, -ile, -ine (adjective-forming use, pronounced [-aɪn]; e.g. alkaline), -ine (chemical-noun-forming use, pronounced [-i:n] e.g. morphine), -ine (adjective-, noun-, or verb-forming ending pronounced [-ɪn], e.g. clandestine, discipline), -is, -ive, -oid, -on, -or (agent-noun-forming use; only pre-stressed 1/2 if the stem is not a free form, e.g. ambassador) (m), -or (abstract-noun-forming use e.g. stupor), -or (adjective-forming use e.g. superior), -ory, -our, -ous (m), -um, -ure (m), -us.
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