BEYOND THE 4 P
S
See Grönroos (2000) for an explanation of why the 4 Ps framework is no
longer adequate for many marketing situations and the shift from thinking
of communication as promotion, towards a conception of communication
as a particular kind of interaction – that produces meanings.
S O C I A L C O M M U N I C A T O R
146
CASE STUDY 7
MARKETING AT THE RNIB
When the goal of an enterprise is not profit, market share, or return on investment, the
marketing mix takes on a particular form as a framework for directing marketing decisions
and resulting activities towards achieving the goal. The charity sector is demonstrating
considerable growth in adopting (and adapting) marketing for social purposes. This social
marketing has the overall aim of serving the needs and wants of clients and donors – the
wider society can also benefit from the resolution of problems. The exchange of financial
support, time and support of the donors for the satisfaction of solving a social problem or
promoting a cause is the basis of the business. One party comes to give up something they
value in exchange for something else through negotiation and persuasion. Whereas for a
profit-driven business, the main beneficiary is usually the shareholders, for charity the only
beneficiary is supposed to be their clients.
An audit of the marketing activities can create marketing awareness among the members.
The ‘product’ is usually ideas and/or services (although some charities now have high-street
shops selling products to raise funds). The place decision relates to how these ideas and
services will be made available to clients. When the basis of the marketing programme is
an idea, then this merges the product, place (distribution), and promotion (communication)
decisions together. In terms of distribution, there are usually no intermediaries and the
production and consumption of ideas and services is often simultaneous. Note the parallel
here between co-production of ideas and services and the co-construction of meaning,
identity, and knowledge – what we have defined, in this book, as communication. Advertising
has become a major means of communicating, with many advertising agencies donating
their work in support of charitable causes. Direct mail is a major component of most
programmes of information and persuasion, and personal selling in the form of door-to-door
collections and recruitment is common. The major difference of the charity marketing mix
from commercial business decisions, is pricing. A much broader concept of price is
necessary – the valuation of the exchange (although this is often true in commercial
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a
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