Marketing communication: principles and practice



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73 Marketing communication principles and practice Richard J Varey

Marketing orientation
Drucker (1977) has argued that marketing is the business of creating
customers, while everything else is a cost – much, but not all, of it necessary
to enable and facilitate business enterprise to be productive. He has also
revealed the political nature of modern business management (Drucker,
1980), showing that marketing alone cannot deal with all problems (see
Ehling 
et al
., 1992). Public relations is a necessary and complementary
overhead in a responsible enterprise.
The marketing concept views the business enterprise as an organized
process designed to create and keep a customer (Levitt, 1969). Marketing is
T H E F U T U R E
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a two-way mediating process between the customer and the corporation
(see Figure 18.2). A balance is needed between management, which focuses
on stabilizing the corporation’s transformation processes, and leadership,
which seeks to innovate by focusing attention on the external environment
(Kreps, 1990).
Strategic marketing, according to Swayne and Ginter (1993) for example,
maintains the desired relationship between the ‘organization’ and its envi-
ronment. Attention is thus drawn to matters of production, finance, and
human skills. The aim is to create competitive advantage. The impetus for
significant change in the business environment, it is asserted, comes from
many sources – government, domestic and international economic and market
forces, demographic shifts and lifestyle changes, and the structural evolution
of many industries. Anticipation and understanding of these changes, and
the development of suitable marketing strategies, is the job of the marketer,
we are told. But these authors, like many others, have failed to address the
full picture. The actions, relationships, and expectations of many people will
impact upon the performance of the business enterprise – many of them 
will not be customers. The ‘marketing strategy’ perspective can be too limited.
Many marketing strategists urge managers to engage with the customer and
the competitor. This trinity is often not even recognized as a set of reciprocal
relationships or communication systems (as illustrated in Figure 18.3).
The adoption of strategic management is now widespread as executives
try to control their environment and reduce uncertainty. Strategy – the art
of bringing values and resources together to influence and shape the future
(Moore, 1996) – is in common usage in the vocabulary of modern manage-
ment. Strategic marketing is a company-wide (i.e. corporate) strategic
management philosophy which guides the way of working (Brown, 1993).
A managerial perspective may be insufficient to deal with the contemporary
business and social environment.

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