Main directions of the English Literature in the Early Middle ages

37.Development of Journalism at the Age of Enlightenment.Contact between writer and democratic reader was established by Joseph Addison and Richard Steele, the famous English essayists who started and directed several magazines, for which they wrote pamphlets and assays. In 1709б Steele issued a magazine, "The Tatler"; it was followed by others: "The Spectator" (1711), "The Guardian" (1713), and "The Englisman" (1713). In the latter political problems were discussed.Periodical newspapers, which had been published since the Civil War and now had daily issues, also helped to spread information among the general public.Copies of current newspapers were kept in the coffee-houses. The latter came into being as soon as coffee, chocolate, and tea were introduced as common drinks. Many people went there regularly to learn the latest news, and the coffee-houses eventually became centers of political and literary discussion. The number of coffee-houses and their role in influencing public opinion increased during the 18th century, and they became practically the second home of the intellectual Londoner. Each rank and profession, each shade of religious and political opinion had its own coffee-house. Men of letters and the wits criticized the latest literary works and discussed political problems there. University students, translators, printers and other people crowded in to join the discussion.