social functions . For example, we can use language to change the way the
world is, or to make things happen:
(2) a. I now pronounce you man and wife.
b. Shut the door on your way out!
The utterance in (2a), spoken by a suitably qualified person (such as a
member of the clergy licensed to perform marriages), in an appropriate setting (like
a church), in the presence of two unmarried adults who consent to be joined in
matrimony, has the effect of irrevocably altering the social, legal, and even
111
spiritual relationship between the two people. That is, language itself can serve as a