DISGUISED ABANDONMENT TO FOIL THE RIOTERS
Once the last visitor had left, we could all breath a collective sigh of relief that the
rioters had not crashed into our party when we were most vulnerable. But the
threat was not over! Now it was time to swing into counterinsurgency mode. Our
plan was for some guards to dismantle the jail props, to give the appearance of dis-
array. Other guards would chain the prisoners' legs together, put bags over their
98 The Lucifer Effect
heads, and escort them in the elevator from our basement to a rarely used, large
fifth-floor storage room, safe from invasion. When the conspirators charged in to
liberate the jail, I would be sitting there all alone and would tell them that the ex-
periment was over. We had ended it early and sent everyone home, so they were
too late to liberate anything. After they checked out the place and left, we'd bring
the prisoners back down and have time to redouble the security of our prison. We
even thought of ways to capture 8612 and imprison him again if he was among
the conspirators because he had been released under false pretenses.
Picture this scene. I am sitting alone in a vacant corridor, formerly AKA "the
Yard." The remnants of the Stanford County Jail are strewn about in disorder,
prison cell doors off their hinges, signs down, the front door wide open. I am
psyched to spring what we consider to be our ingenious Machiavellian counter-
plot. Instead of the rioters, who should appear but one of my psychology
colleagues—an old friend, a very serious scholar, and my graduate school room-
mate. Gordon asks what's going on here. He and his wife saw the bunch of prison-
ers up on the fifth floor and felt sorry for them. They went out and bought the
prisoners a box of doughnuts because they all looked so miserable.
I describe the research as simply and quickly as possible, all the while expect-
ing the sudden intrusion of the invaders. This scholarly intruder then poses a sim-
ple question: "Say, what's the independent variable in your study?" I should have
answered that it was the allocation of pretested volunteer subjects to the roles of
prisoner or guard, which of course had been randomly assigned. Instead, I get
angry.
Here I had an incipient prison riot on my hands. The security of my men and
the stability of my prison were at stake, and I had to contend with this bleeding-
heart, liberal, academic, effete professor whose only concern was a ridiculous
thing like an independent variable! I thought to myself: The next thing he'd be
asking was whether I had a rehabilitation program! The dummy. I adroitly dismiss
him and get back to the business of waiting for the attack to unfold. I wait and
wait.
Finally, I realize that it is all a rumor. No substance to it at all. We had spent
many hours and expended a great deal of energy in planning to foil the rumored
attack. I had foolishly gone begging to the police for their aid; we had cleaned out
a filthy storage room upstairs, dismantled our prison, and moved the prisoners up
and out. More important, we had wasted valuable time. And, our biggest sin, as
researchers, is that we had not collected any systematic data the whole day. All
this from someone who has a professional interest in rumor transmission and dis-
tortion and who regularly does class demonstrations of such phenomena. We
mortals can be fools, especially when mortal emotions rule over cool reason.
We resurrected the prison props and then moved the prisoners back down
from the hot, stuffy windowless storage room where they had been stored for
three mindless hours. What humiliation I suffered. Craig, Curt, Dave, and I could
Tuesday's Double Trouble 99
barely make eye contact for the rest of that evening. We tacitly agreed to keep it all
to ourselves and not declare it "Dr. Z's Folly."
We Played the Fools, but Who Will Pay the Piper?
Obviously we all reacted with considerable frustration. We also suffered the ten-
sion of cognitive dissonance for so readily and firmly believing a lie and commit-
ting ourselves to much needless action without sufficient justification.
10
We had
also experienced "groupthink." Once I, as leader, believed the rumor to be valid,
everyone else accepted it as true. No one played devil's advocate, a figure that
every group needs to avoid foolish or even disastrous decisions like this. It was
reminiscent of President John Kennedy's "disastrous" decision to invade Cuba in
the Bay of Pigs fiasco.
11
It should also have been apparent to me that we were losing the scientific de-
tachment essential for conducting any research with unbiased objectivity. I was
well on the way to becoming a prison superintendent rather than a principal in-
vestigator. It should have been obvious that this was so from my earlier encounter
with Mrs. Y. and her husband, not to mention my tantrums with the police
sergeant. However, even psychologists are people, subject to the same dynamic
processes at a personal level that they study at a professional level.
Our general sense of frustration and embarrassment spread silently across
the prison Yard. In retrospect, we should have just admitted our mistake and
moved on, but that is one of the hardest things that anyone can ever do. Just say
it: "I made a mistake. Sorry." Instead, we unconsciously looked for scapegoats to
deflect blame from ourselves. And we did not have to look far. All around us were
prisoners who were going to pay the price for our failure and embarrassment.
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