346
The Lucifer Effect
men who had been important leaders in Saddam's party were housed in Tier 1B
(Bravo). Each of the Alpha and Bravo tiers held about fifty prisoners at any one
time. In short, being in charge of this complex facility without adequate resources
and a suddenly erupting foreign prisoner population placed a heavy burden upon
someone whose prior experience had been limited to policing a small number of
medium-security civilian prisoners in a small town in Virginia.
Training and Accountability
Zimbardo: "Please tell me about your training to be a guard, a guard leader,
in this prison."
3 2
Frederick: "None. No training for this job. When we mobilized at Fort Lee, we
had a cultural awareness class, maybe it was about forty-five minutes long, and it
was basically about not to discuss politics, not to discuss religion, and not to call
'em Aayrabs,' don't call 'em 'Camel Jockeys,' 'Towel Heads,' or not to call 'em 'Rag
Heads, Aayrabs.' "
Z: "How would you describe the supervision you received and the account-
ability you felt you had toward your superior officers?"
Frederick: "None."
Z: "Who was your direct superior officer to whom you reported?"
Frederick: "Sergeant First Class Snyder. I was in charge of the four tiers, and
he was in charge of me and it keeps going up the chain. Next in line is Captain
Brinson. Above Captain Brinson is Captain Reese; above Reese is Lieutenant
Colonel Phillabaum."
Frederick's shift began at 4
P.M. and lasted for twelve hours, until 4
A.M. He
went on to report that few of these officers were ever present on Alpha Tier at
night or made even brief appearances early in the shift. He had no supervision
from Sergeant Snyder because his superior had no professional training in correc-
tions. However, at various times Chip did offer suggestions and recommended
changes to Snyder, Brinson, and Reese.
Z: "You would make recommendations?"
Frederick: "Yes, about operation of the facility. Not to handcuff prisoners to
cell doors, should not have prisoners nude except for self-mutilators, can't handle
prisoners with mental conditions. . . . One of the first things that I asked for as
soon as I got there was regulations, operating procedures. . . .
I was housing juve-
niles, men, women, and mentally ill prisoners all in the same thing, it's a violation
of the military code."
Z: "So you would try to get up the chain of command?"
Frederick: "I would tell anybody that would come in who I thought had some
ranking. . . . Usually they would tell me, 'Just see what you can come up with, keep
up the good work,' this is the way Military Intelligence wants it done."
At other times, Chip said that he would be scoffed at or reprimanded by
higher-ups for complaining. Given the combat zone conditions, they told him, he