Bog'liq The Lucifer Effect Understanding How Good People Turn Evil ( PDFDrive )
3 1 2 The Lucifer Effect in the world calls it by name—the evil that it is—stops making excuses for them,
then I think we're going to have a problem."
I Am More Human than You: The Infrahumanization Bias
Beyond perceiving and derogating others in the "out-group" with animallike
qualities, people also deny them any "human essence." Out-group infrahumaniza- tion is a newly investigated phenomenon in which people tend to attribute
uniquely human emotions and traits to their in-group and deny their existence in
out-groups. It is a form of emotional prejudice.
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However, we go further in declaring that the essence of humanness resides
primarily in ourselves, more so than in any others, even our in-group members.
While we attribute infrahumaness to out-groups, as less than human, we are mo-
tivated to see ourselves as more human than others. We deny uniquely human
traits and even human nature to others, relative to our own egocentric standard.
This self-humanization bias is the complement of the other-infrahumanization
bias. These tendencies appear to be rather general and multifaceted. A team of
Australian researchers concluded their investigation into the perception of hu-
manness with a variant of the famous quote by the ancient Roman writer Ter-
ence. He proudly proclaimed, "Nothing human is alien to me." Its ironic twist
notes, "Nothing human may be alien to me, but something human is alien to
y o u . "
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(It is unlikely that such an imperial " I " exists among members of collec-
tivist cultures, but we await new research to inform us of the limits of such ego-
centrism.)
Creating Dehumanized Enemies of the State
Among the operational principles we must add to our arsenal of weapons that
trigger evil acts by ordinarily good men and women are those developed by
nation-states to incite their own citizens. We learn about some of these principles
by considering how nations prepare their young men to engage in deadly wars
while also preparing citizens to endorse engaging in wars of aggression. A special
form of cognitive conditioning through propaganda helps accomplish this diffi-
cult transformation. "Images of the enemy" are created by national media propa-
ganda (in complicity with governments) to prepare the minds of soldiers and
citizens to hate those who fit the new category "your enemy." Such mental condi-
tioning is a soldier's most potent weapon. Without it, he might never put another
young man in the crosshairs of his gun sight and fire to kill him. It induces a fear
of vulnerability among citizens who can imagine what it would be like to be dom-
inated by that enemy.
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That fear becomes morphed into hatred and a willingness
to take hostile action to reduce its threat. It extends its reaches into a willingness
to send our children to die or be maimed in battle against that threatening enemy.
In Faces of the Enemy, Sam K e e n
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shows how archetypes of the enemy are
created by visual propaganda that most nations use against those judged to be the
dangerous "them," "outsiders," "enemies." These visual images create a consen-