CHAPTER THIRTEEN
Investigating Social Dynamics:
Deindividuation, Dehumanization, and
the Evil of Inaction
The historical account of humans is a heap of conspiracies, re-
bellions, murders, massacres, revolutions, banishments, the
very worst effects that avarice, faction, hypocrisy, perfidious-
ness, cruelty, rage, madness, hatred, envy, lust, malice, and am-
bition could produce.... I cannot but conclude the bulk of your
natives to be the most pernicious race of little odious vermin
that nature ever suffered to crawl upon the surface of the earth.
—Jonathan Swift,
Gulliver's Travels ( 1 7 2 7 )
1
Perhaps Jonathan Swift's total condemnation of our h u m a n race—of us
Yahoos—is a bit extreme, but consider that he wrote this critique several hundred
years before the advent of genocides throughout the modern world, before the
Holocaust. His views reflect a basic theme in Western literature that "Mankind"
has suffered a great fall from its original state of perfection, starting with Adam's
act of disobedience against God w h e n he succumbed to Satan's temptation.
The social philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau elaborated this theme of the
corrupting influence of social forces by envisioning human beings as "noble,
primitive savages" whose virtues were diminished by contact with corrupting
society. In stark opposition to this conception of human beings as the innocent
victims of an all-powerful, malignant society is the view that people are born
evil—genetic bad seeds. Our species is driven by wanton desires, unlimited
appetites, and hostile impulses unless people are transformed into rational, rea-
sonable, compassionate human beings by education, religion, and family, or con-
trolled by the discipline imposed upon them by the authority of the State.
Where do you stand in this ages-old debate? Are we born good and then
corrupted by an evil society or born evil and redeemed by a good society? Before
casting your ballot, consider an alternative perspective. Maybe each of us has the
capacity to be a saint or a sinner, altruistic or selfish, gentle or cruel, dominant
or submissive, perpetrator or victim, prisoner or guard. Maybe it is our social cir-
cumstances that determine which of our many mental templates, our potentials,
we develop. Scientists are discovering that embryonic stem cells are capable of be-
coming virtually any kind of cell or tissue and ordinary skin cells
c a n be turned
into embryonic stem cells. It is tempting to expand these biological concepts and