Investigating Social D y n a m i c s
2 9 1
New York City's police department, that "war" spawned "the commandos of the
NYPD." This insular police team was given free rein to hunt down alleged rapists,
robbers, and muggers as local conditions dictated. They wore T-shirts with their
motto, "There is no hunting like the hunting of men." Their battle cry was "We
own the night." Such a professionalized police culture was comparable to that of
the Brazilian police-torturers we had studied. One of their notable atrocities was
the murder of an African immigrant (Amadou Diallo, from Guinea), gunning
him down with more than forty bullets while he tried to pull out his wallet to give
them his I D .
4 8
Sometimes "bad shit happens," but usually there are identifiable
situational and systemic forces operating to make it happen.
Suicide Bombers: Mindless Fanatics or Mindful Martyrs?
Amazingly, what holds true for these violence workers is comparable to the trans-
formation of young Palestinians from students into suicide bombers intent on
killing innocent Israeli civilians. Recent media accounts converge on the findings
from more systematic analyses of the process of becoming a suicidal killer.
4 9
Who adopts this fatalistic role? Is it poor, desperate, socially isolated, illiterate
young people with no career and no future? Not at all. According to the results of
a recent study of four hundred al-Qaeda members, three quarters of that sample
came from the upper or middle class. This study by the forensic psychiatrist Marc
Sageman also found other evidence of the normality and even superiority of
these youths turned suicide bombers. The majority, 90 percent, came from car-
ing, intact families. Two thirds had gone to college; two thirds were married; and
most had children and jobs in science and engineering. "These are the best and
brightest of their society in many ways," Sageman concludes.
5 0
Anger, revenge, and outrage at perceived injustice are the motivational trig-
gers for deciding to die for the cause. "People desire death when two fundamental
needs are frustrated to the point of extinction," according to the psychologist
Thomas Joiner in his treatise Why People Die by Suicide. The first need is one we
have pointed to as central to conformity and social power, the need to belong with
or connect to others. The second need is the need to feel effective with or to influ-
ence o t h e r s .
5 1
Ariel Merari, an Israeli psychologist who has studied this phenomenon
extensively for many years, outlines the common steps on the path to these explo-
sive deaths.
5 2
First, senior members of an extremist group identify young people
who appear to have an intense patriotic fervor based on their declarations at a
public rally against Israel or their support of some Islamic cause or Palestinian ac-
tion. Next, they are invited to discuss how seriously they love their country and
hate Israel. They are asked to commit to being trained. Those who do commit be-
come part of a small secret cell of three to five youths. They learn the tricks of the
trade from their elders: bomb making, disguise, and selecting and timing targets.
Finally, they make public their private commitment by making a videotape,
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