Lu. C. 3oKHpob ahtponoreh ba amajima jiahfllljacdtllJyHOaimk uj. C3Okmrob

HtfVHVvgoDMk iHVHdrvHM wvX HdvviKMotoXx HVjHtfetroX Hvwde/rX jwHHdeb'idjvmtfww wvjiavdvxX rtfHdnxn MiMHvoehoxm -Mtfvuviv gatf HiHVHdvflHH i<£emtfnvt/ wxtfHHJHH HdvviKHdXoXx HVJHtfwoX HVwdejcX etfHHeedv* mHdejcX wHNVHHtf iuHHdvi/ivmtfwvi/ 'nwnnw (?Z6l) ^JHHH -wvno^-gQ HvtiHdHM HHMovhHXmXi iHvndvvHH eMMHioonXmi4)emtfwvi/
dMtfXwdx>aXw ejtfeoXew mHHeiretfMo4> Hetf -njirag (HHWHvXHowg wek *xHjotrc>4>dowoaj-ojcxroaj wek) bimxxm etf -heX jHHHiXea dwg etfmMiedxce HHHjMtrdHg 4>HH3ei dwg de\ g dntfMgex hi/mx xoHOBHek Mxa xhi/whdX mitmx KHheHHO ‘det/WHtrXg etfHejHMtrwX dxtHoei (wek deuoxau -uwox MHd>edJoej HMHgei eXmog 'xatfjHMHXm) deuBHheg) p WHcotr HniHUwdexceg etfMkoue hXkX detroxauuwox eXmog ea etf -wkoue hXkX det/smHhodX ‘etfHkoue HXhX deuHHhed> 4>mhobj^ £ xedax hjhuobwhXX gxiedxcB nnxoax HHdetrX ‘gHtro pjgoonk wHdetroxatruwox HHHgei wek ‘HejouodiHB wek etfneX jHMHbtea dng d>MHjei HHSooy 7 xedax HmMtrXg nxdei d^Hoei hmoooc HejtrMeXi etft/ok HejHMtro ejgojMk HiHBHdeaHH JHHHid>emtfHetr hmhbXw dxg dek memxX ejMot/ntrexHclwdeirx lOHoanek ea detrxHtrwHoX owwy (•V ea Hoexcedetf mHiro edeXmog heX hhheX *ehMMXg (MmnXHh gnt/ax) H3Mt?9Haj ‘gedeX ejHit/Hweke MjetfxHt/excXx) hmxwXw HrrtMHetrooje pjdeuHJtrag itmx dek wd>HHt>ei detrid>emtfHetr HdjouodiHtf
•Htfeea gatf 'xedax HmHt/HeXi etftrok HejHMi/MX trewe ejetfuoX g HjetfHtiXX HHHd>HHoei (det/Moxc ‘detramHhodX *detrKHhed>) detricfcemtfHetr etfwoooe mHHejdX Hnnd -et/id>emtfHetr HJHtrtfHetreg BHjood eid^ (8861) aotfeodtf-tf-)!
xedax umMtrXg eje ej -Md>HH3ei ef, etfHkotre-etfMkGire wek detramnhodX *wek MdetrdXi hoxc 'wek detrid>emtfHet/ ‘MXHetrokeg dntfHmHirMiedxce MdetrdXi amxh -odX ea HdetrdXi hoxc eoc etfmMHMi/Xg hjhhhsx ‘eatrXg HejHetrgoDHk id>emtfHBU gntrXg Htxahmxjob BHBJHXjHHt/Xg BjdetrdXi 01 ‘HxetfHXm ndug HetfHdetrxHi/Hhwex hm3O9b jhb jHHHHd>HHjei dBtrid>emtfHet/ HaiouodiHe hbjic khobbi (9861)
Mtfeiax gHHHtrXg ejdetrdXi gedek ejHJMtrHBjmetrMOxc etfMJenoc tdremtfHev HOHBk *etfHiBgaBH eX 'wek det/4 MtfBHHtrXg ejdetrHgex Hdet/idwm -tfwet/ aotrMK XotriX ‘Hdetrid>emtfHetr xHVMhdotfjog Mdetrid>emtfHPt/ XHirMhHoXkatf Hdetrid>BmtfHPtr xhi/bxcXx XotrmMk ‘HBtrejew *ejdetr -4>hho xhwx ‘BtfHiegaeH cX *h4>hm> det/i4>emtfHeu HajouodiHy
Mtfeiedxce hhh4>hmo ict>emtfHBir i/hx g ngex Hdetrid>emtfHet/ hmvbxcXx XotrmnX 'Hdetrid>emtfHei/ itXh
(1977) xa /laHfluiacJwiapHHHr yarapTHpnn-

8. 
   H.AxTnpueB3 /raHAwarprnapHHnr anrponoreHnaujHUj
   

rawiHrH napa>xacH xycycmriapH acocHAa aHrponoreH naHA >xapaeHHHHHr xyHhHM axpard^H.
wactjrnapHHHr 6etu ¹ /ianfliWr;iap - 6yHAa naHAwactnnapHHHr

8. 
   VarapTHpnX _loMOHHAan KynnH yarapiHpwnraH 6ynnwHra crpyKrypacH, hhcoH _TdOMM>. /laHAwacprnapHHHr crpyfcrypacHHH KapaMSM, 6npnar*^a
   

3cnaia&H. nanAw<4>nap rypu tbOhhh pHBOxnaHnw

2. 
   PeHaTypnaU' nanAwMJ'/iapHHHr KypuHHWHHH arannaran
   

/tcapaeHHXia flacrnaO _MyBOjanantfa Kaniran aHiporxxeH naH/j-
aaaanrH wkh Tao**"^
macpTnapflaH n6op^ _KKnw«H aHTpoooreH naHAwactnnap lypn.

2. 
   TpaHccpop*'^a7_fHnnwan^ ycHMnnx KonnaMH 6wnaH
   

Bynap chc|mt >khx rypyipiapra 6ynwHaAH. Macanaw, xaHfla6
cpapKnaHaflH aa necti> o6opnnraH ypMonnap ypHHfla xocnn 3khh aKHnraH xjaiiJi _T/ap rypy^, yrnoK ewi aaun ypHHfla Kocnn 6ynraH «ana nauAW^a ^pn pypy^ /jaurr ypHH/ja 6ap-
6ynraH nana naHA^^ofen naH/mjactiTnap rypyxH sa x-K.
no 3THnran n^eK (ncesAoiapHHH) naHAUjacprnap rypyxn.

2. 
   XyxyjH Tao**"^ ^oom 6ynraH, ys yanHH 6ouJKapH6,
   

Bynap hhcoh sa Ta6«HH naHAwacprnapAaH cpapKnaw
bapKapopnawHO J^L-en naHA>M)Tnap rypn.
Khhhh 6ynran an'pc ^jjjjactnnap, »bHH AHrHTflan 6apno aTHnran

2. 
   AHTponorer* 4 rypy_Va (Kapt>ep-4HKMHAH yroMnapn
   

naHAUiacpTnap. nanAwartnnapH, ^proHnap naHAwacpT-
naHAuracpTnapH, ^c^_{i iaP}M) 6ynHHaflH. Jl-MTpase (1977) KopaKyM napu, cye naHAiuacP^^^^ nanj;uja4)TnapHH racHHcpnauJAa 3Hr KaHanu ra'bcnpHA³ ^iMAa t36hmh exn aHiponoreH 6enrnnapHH acocHH Meacxmap ^c _{wnHH) acoc Knnn6 onaflH. V yarapran (ynapHH anMauiHH^^^n^Tapfa.^^ 6ynaAH}
naHAwacprnapHH hhcoh cpao/iHHTHHHHr naHAUjartnnapra
A.r. McaHeHKO MyaMMonape KaK^Aa <6hk_P ropnrap TabcnpH sa yHnnr ' yyaprHpnnran naHAUjactnnap racHncpH 3Kan hhcoh ^TCiaCHHtfa 6omhk 6ynnujH noaHMAHrHnn raoHWH naHAwacf ^jnuarpinapHHHr rypnn xna racHHCpnapHra yKTHpaAM sa '<*>*"* f^jnn xaMAa yarapTHpnnraH naHAwacpTnap- T3t6hk 3Tmuj MyM^|'^t* ^arHHa HHpwcnaujTHpHnraH 6wpnHKnapw- hhht cHcpaT raecHs jraAH. ytu6y racHHcpAa acocaH
HH axc annpyBMH J* *_c smpwran.
rypr rypyK ^naMAJ¹*^af_jWpH*^araH (h6thaomh) naHAwactnnap. Ynap

1. 
   uiaprnH m xyxannKAarH 4>aonHHTHra Ay^op
   

6eBocMra hhcoh ^Ta
6y/iMaraH naHflwacpinapflnp. Vnapfla hhcoh 4>ao/iMRTHHHHr KyMcna Ba 6nneocnra rabcnpn njaapwnarHHa naMKaw MyMKHH, xonoc;

2. 
   KyscH3 yarapTHpnnraH naHflwacfyrnap. Bynap acocaH hhcoh cpaonHHiHHHHr SKCieHCHe (obmh/ihk, 6annKMnnnK Ka6n) xh/th rabcw- pnra flynop 6y/iran naHfluiacprnap. Bywflan naHflwacprnapfla hhcoh cpaonHKTH anpHM KUMnoHeHinaprarHHa rabcnp sth6, ra6nHH anoKaflopnnxnap xann 6y3miMaraH ea aeeanrw ya xonaTHHH THK/ia6 O/IHLUH MyMKHHJ
   
3. 
   6y3anraH (xyMnn yarapTHpnnraH) /laHflwacprnap. By rypyxfla- rn naHflwacprnap acocaH hhcoh cpaonHHiHHHnr xxh/ih rabcn- pHfla yarapraH nanflwacprnapflHp. VnapHHHr Kyn KOMnoHenrnapn yxapw6, nanflwacprnap crpyKTypacHHHHr ce3H/iapnH flapaxcafla 6y3HnnwHra onw6 Kenran;
   
4. 
   MaflaHHH naHflwacpTnap'. CrpycrypacH hhcoh TOMOHMflaH xcaMHHT MaHCpaarnapHHH Kyanaran ea humhw acocnanraH xonfla oKH/iona yarapTHpHnran naHflwacprnapflHp.
   

UJyHra yxwaw TacHHcpHM 6h3 /JJl-ApMaHflHHHr (1975) khto6h- fla xaM yMparaMHS. V hhcoh cpaonnsnH TabcnpHfla yarapraH nanfl- wacpTnapHH 6ew Typra 6ynaflH. Bynap;

1. 
   /JenpnH 6yryHnaM yarapTHpnnraH naHflwacprnap (waKapnap, tof-koh caHoaiH pHBOxnaHraH xyflyflnap).
   
2. 
   KyM/iH yarapTHpnnraH naHflwacprnap (3khh flananapn, flape ea Kynnap).
   
3. 
   AmarHHa yarapTHpnnraH naHflwacfjTnap (6opnw ea khphw MyMKHH 6ynran ypMOHnap, flawrnap, caeaHHanap).
   
4. 
   KyMCH3 yarapTHpnnaH nanflwac^Tnap (6opnw khhhh 6ynran ypMOH/iap, fleHTH3 toaanapn).
   
5. 
   /JenpnH yarapiHpnnMaraH naHflwacfnnap (Kyr6 ynKanapn, 6ananfl rornap, Mynnap, flenrua cyenapHHHHr Kynn KwcMnapn, KypnKxoHanap).
   

tOKopnfla Ke/nnpHnraH (H.H.AxTHpueea, A.r.hcaMeHKO, .QJLApMaHfl) TacHwfMiapHra yxwaw 6ynran TacnnctJHH 6hphwh 6ynn6 B.Jl.KorenHHKOB (1950) raecH« arran 3flH. V naHflwarjnnap- hh yarapTHpanraH, KyMCH3 yarapTHpwnraH, yprana yarapTHpunraH, KyMnn yarapTHpnnraH xawfla pexcann yarapiHpHnraH xnanapra 6ynaflH.
H.M.3a6enHH (1978) ksm yw6y MaB3yfla cy3 lopwrap 3KaH, naHflwacjirnapHHHr hhcoh TOMOHHflan yarapTHpnnraHnHK flapaxacu MaxoHfla KaM, aawoHfla xaM 6np xnn 6ynn6 Kona onManflH sa naHflwacf/T hhcoh TOMOHHflan KflHManHK MyKyp yarapTHpnnraH
¹ Ma/jaHHH naHAwa<4>T/>ap ea yMynan hhcoh 4>aonH»iH labcnpHfla nan/i- wa4>inapHHni yacapnwH \ai\Mfla n.H.FynoMoe acapwia (1935) a/riarHHa KHTnxapnH 4>hkp aa Mynoxaaanap KenTHpunraH.
6y/iMacHH, 6apw6Hp ra6nHH xocnna 6ynu6 KonaaepaflH ea Ka- moh hxcthmohh K°HyHnap acocufla pHBO/KnaHHO KonManflM, fle6 TabKH^naHAH. Myannn4> Epflaru 6apua reorpacjjHK naHflujacjnnapHH HKKHra Karra rypyxra 6ynHHHUiHHH tbh onuuj KepaK, fle6 eaaflH. Bhphhmh rypyxra KHpyaMH Ta6uHH naHfluiacpTnap hhcohhhht xy>Ka nHKflaru cjjaonHtnH labcnpHHH yaufla CHHa6 xypMaraH exn ynapfla 6yHflan rabcnp HuxonTfla KyMCH3 6ynraH. Mkkhhmh rypyxra KHpyaMH aHTponoreH naHfliuacpTnap aca KHUJHnHK xaMHcrrHHHHi xywanHKfla ru cpaonHHTH TabcwpHfla xocnn 6ynraHflHp.
M.M.3a6enuHHHHr cpHKpk^a, aHiponoreH naHfliuact>Tnap ysu AHa HKKHrai Ta6nHH anrponoreH aa MaflaHHH naHflwacpTnapra 6ynw- HaflH. Ta6nHH aHTponoren naHflujacfnnap 6np Mapoia6a hhcoh cpaonnnrn TabcnpHfla xocnn 6ynH6, KeuHwanHK ya xonrfia, t36hhh KOHyHHRmap Tabcnpufla pHaoxcnaHa 6ouinaHflw. Vnap eaxi yrran capn acra-ceKHH yaHHHHr Hnrapnrw Ta6uHH xonarnra KaMTMUJH MyM- khh, aMMo hhcoh TOMOHHflaH 6ynaflHraH Kaina -TyprKH>nap 6y JKapaeHHH CeKHHJiaUJTHpHUJH eKH TyXTaTHUIH MyMKHH.
MaflaHHH naHflujacfnnap fleraHfla M.M.3a6enHH hhcoh tomohh- flaH ysHHHHr aManun a^iHexcnapHHH KOHflnpHUJ yuyH aTauna6, oh nn paBHiufla 6apno KHflHHran naHfliuactnnapHH TyuiyHHtuHH TascHR 3T3flH. YHHHr 4>MKpHMa, MaflaHHH naHflUTacJjT Ta6HHH UJapOHTH 6np xha 6ynraH sa xyn HHnnap flaaoMHfla xyxcanHKHHHr 6npop Tap MOTHfla (MacanaH, KnuinoK xyxcanHrHfla) 4>ouflanaHHnaeTraH xyflYA flaH u6opaTflHp.
A.M.ripoKaeB (1980) t36hhh reorpa4>HK pawoHnaujTHpHUj hut napnfla aHTponoreH yarapnujnapHH xHco6ra onnuj MaKcaflHfla KyHHflarn 'acHncpHn jaBCHn araflu (1-pacM).
lOKocHfla MHcon rapuKacHfla KenTHpnnraH TacHHcjmapHHiir 6h- poHTiu hhh MyKaMMan Hiuna6 HHKnnraH fle6 6ynManflH. MyHKH aH ■ponoreH nanflUja4>TnapHH laxnnn KwnHui xoanprH aaMOH naHfl tuacpTUjyHocnHrMflarH HHXonrfla MypaKKa6 Ba cepKHppa Macanana pnflaH 6upHflHp. VHHHr MypaKKa6nHni 6np TOMOHflaH ypraHHnaei raH o6beKT-naHfluja4>THMHr y3H MypaxKa6 Ty3HnraHnHrn Ba icyn oMHnnHnMTM 6nnaH 6omMK 6ynca, hkkhhuh TOMOHflaH hhcoh 4>ao- nnHTH xawfla yHHHr labcnpM xnnMa-xHn 3KaHnnrH 6nnaH 6ornHK- flup. Mhcoh 4>aonHjrrHHHHr anpHM xannapH khhhk ManflOHfla Kyqnn Ba nyKyp yarapnujnapHH KenTHpH6 MHKapca, anpHM xwnnapn Kana ManflOHnapfla HncbaiaH Kyncna y3iapnuinapra ca6a6 6ynHuiH MyM- kmh. Ba, HnxoTTT, aupHM xnnnapM aca Karra MaMflonnapfla yaoK aaKT flaaoMMfla Tabcnp 3th6, Kyqnn ysrapMiiinapHM KenTHpu6 hhkb- Phujh MyMKMH. Hhcoh 4>donMHTHHHHr ana ujyHflau xunnapHflaH 6h- pu r HuinoK xyxannrM 6ynH6, yHHHr TabcupHfla yarapran naHfl
wacl'trnapHW lacHWctinapfla a/ioxwfla Typ cwVaTMfla axpaiwwu 3i>Tw6opra Mo/iwKflwp.

1-pacM. TafinnM reorpa^MK paHOHnaunnpnui/ia aniponoren yara- pHiunapHM x«co6ra onmu Maxcaflwia reoKOMnneKcnapHH TacHHt^naui (B.I4.npoKaea, 1980 iwvi 6ynvMa)

Kmw/iok xy>KanHK /laHflwacfjT/iapH aiipwM Man6anapfla (Maca- naH, B.A.HnKonaeB, 1979,1984; E.B.MnnanoBa, A.M.Ph6mhkob, 1979; A.r.HcaHeHKO, 1980) arpo/iaHflwacpT/iap eKH arpo/iaHflwacpT TH3MM/iapw fle6 ara/in6, TypKHcroH Ta6wwii reorpacjjHK y/iKacw Xyflyflw yryH xsm xcyfla xapaKTep/iwflHp. By y/iKaHHHr khw/k>k xy>Ka/iHrH KaflHMflaH aHbaHaBHii Tapafla yM iiyna/iwwfla pwBo>K/iaHw6 Ke/IMOKfla, HbHH o6HKOp fleXKOHHHnHK, /la/lMHKOp fleXKOHHH/lMK sa MopeaHH/iHK. By/iapflaH o6hkop flexKOHMH/iHKHHHr /iaHflwa4>T/iapra Ta'bcwpw aHHHxca ceswnapnHflwp. ByHflaw Tabcwp HaTWKacMfla a/ioxHfla, yanra xoc aHTponoren /iaHflwa4>T/iap raaara Ke/iraH. V/iapnH Jl.H.6a6ywKHH , H.A.Koran (1964) cyropnnaflHraH ep/iap /laHflwacfnnapH fle6, H.A.TBO3fleflKHH (1977) Boxa /iaHflLua4>T/iapw fle6,
A.r.McaneHKOHHHr (1991) cfwiKpwHa, x°^3MP^rH 3aMOH /laHfl- wacfn/iapMHHHr KynMkbiHrw hhcohhhht Hoon;M/iOHa cpao/iHHTH hsth- xcacHfla yarapTHpn/iran 6y/iH6, y/iapnw MaflaHHH /laHfluiacfiT/iapta aitnaHTHpHW /iO3HMflMp. ByHflaii JiaHfluiacpr/iapHMHr 3ht acocwii xycycHflT/iapnflaH 6npw Maxcy/iflop/iMK Ba hkthcoahh caMapaflop- /ihk 6y/iwwH KepaK.
B.5.Co4aea (1978) hhcohhhhc Ta6waT 6wnaH npaTyBMaHnMK XaMKopnnrw xaKMfla cya lopnrap 3KaH naHfliuacpTnapHHHr hmkh mm- kohhbthhh pMBOxuiaHTMpMUJ, th6mmm >KapaeHnapHH tJjaonnaiuTMpMiu ea naHfluiaTnapHMHr caMapaflopnurMHH oujMpmu scochh MaKcajjra aiviaHMUJM KepaicnMrMHM TatKHflnaS yraflH. flapxaKWKaT, hhcoh flexxoHHmiMK 6wjiaH luyry/uiaHap bksh y y3 onflwra sht aBBan 6np HapcaHH, /TbHM mjkwkm 6opwMa KynpOK, kmujjiok xyxannK MaxcynoTM oJiHUJHM Maxcafl kmum6 nyaflM. By MaKcaflra apnujHUj ywyH nanfl- uiact>THH TeKHcnaMflH, TynpoxHM MawiyM 6wp KanwHnHKfla arflapM6 TaiunaHflH, yiMT conaflH, MaunyM 6np skhh 3KaflH, cyropaflH, 6ero- Ha yrnap Ba 3apapKyHaHfla xauiapoT/iapra xapiuH ryp/iH xm/i flopn- /lapnn Hui/iaTaflH, rynpoKHMHr uiypwHM tosaflw, 3ax cyanapMHH k«- HHpaflH Ba xoKaao. Xy/viac, 3kmh SKMiuflaH to xoch/ihm hmtmujthph6 o/iryHra xaflap Typnw-ryMaH arporexHHK Tafl6Mp/iapHH xy/i/iaMflH Ba 6y >Kapaen yH/ia6, fO3/ia6 MM/i/iap Mo6awHWfla KaMianaHaBepaflM. HaTH/Kafla 6n3ra hxujh tbhhuj 6y/iraH sa aHTponoreH /iaHfliuact>T/iap MMMfla «MaflaHHM /iaHfluja4>T» fle6 aTa/iMiun MyMKMH 6ynraw x^Mfla K>xopM Maxcy/iflop/iHK, HKTHcoflHH caMapaflop/iHK Ka6n Ta/ia6/iapra O3MH KynMM moc Ke/ia o/iaflHraH /i/iHjjujacpT/iap xoch/i 6y/iaflH. By, ys HaBfSaTHfla, H/irapM uiy naHfliuactnnapra xoc 6y/iraH Ta6nHM xh/i- Ma-XM/i/iHKHM coflfla/iaujHUJHra xa^fla Moflfla/iapHHHr, tuy xcyMna- flaH, TyHMM/iu MOflfla/iapHHHr xaM, HaM/iMK aa 3HeprM3HHHr anjiaHMa xapaKaTMHMHr yarapHujHra ojih6 xejiaflH. BaxonaHKH, JiaHflUia4>Tfla- th TyHHMJiM MOflflajiapHHHr aHJiaHMa xapaKaTM, opraHM3MJiap cohm- HMH/ My8o4>MKJiaHM6 TypHLUH, TynpOK yHyMflOpnHTHHHHr MapOMMfla 6yjiHiUH, jiaHfliua4>TJiapHHHr y3HHH y3M caK/ia6 rypHLUHfla >Kyfla Karra sa xaji XHJiyBHM axaMMjjrra araflnp.
flexxoHWMJiHK TabcnpMfla aca ;>aHfliua4>TJiapHMHr ana tuy xycy- CMflTH, S'bHM y3HHM y3M CaiyiaUJ XycyCMSTH KeCKHH KyMCH3JiaHM6 Ke- TaflM. 5y Hapca aHHHKca MOHOKyjnypa ujapoMTMfla T63 pyn 6epaflw- km, yHfla aKHHJiapra KacannwK TyujMuiw, sapapKynaHfla xauiapoT napHMHr KynaMn6 KeTHUJH oflflHM xonra annaHM6 KonaflM. ByHflan TatuKapM, o6wKop flexKOHHHnwK whcoh XHCo6ra onMaraH 6at3W XoflMca Ba >KapaennapHH MacanaH, ep octm cyBJiapn carxHHHHr KyrapHnHUjM, flananapflaH KawrraH ©KaBa cyBnapHwir rapKnGMfla MMHepan ryanapHMHr opth6 KeTMtuH, HKKHjiaMMM ruyp 6ochuim, wp- pwranwn 3pO3MRCH Ba X-HM KenTHpw6 MHKapHUJM MyMKMH. LLIyHHHr ywyH xsm aHTponoreH jiaHfluiartnnapfla mhcoh 4>aonw>iTW 6wjiaH naHfliua4>TnapHMHr pMBo>KnanMiun opacwfla K>3ara KenaflnraH Ka- paMa-KapuiwnHKnapHH onflHHM onwuj eKH >Kyfla 6ynMaraHfla ynap- hmht KynaMHHH KaMawTupMiu ywyH naHfluiacpTnapHHHr TauiKM Tabcrtp KyMnapwra HHc6aTaH 6apKapopnHrHHM aHHKna6 ojihuj Karra nnMHM Ba aManMW ax.aMMHT Kac6 araflH.