3.4.
Modulation techniques
There are three different modulation techniques used in the LTE downlink. They are
Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK), 16-QAM and finally 64-QAM. These different
modulation schemes are applicable only in the downlink. The use of the modulation
schemes depend upon the channel quality estimation. If the channel is better, higher
order modulation like 16-QAM or 64-QAM is used. Higher order means that the alpha-
bet size is high but the alphabet spacing is lesser. This works out well when the channel
quality is good and the noise and interference to the received signal is less. But if the
channel quality is bad, interference and noise overcome the actual signal and decoding
the bits from the received signal becomes impossible. With the signal power remaining
constant, the separation between the alphabets needs to be increased to maintain the
readability of the signal. This means the modulation has to be lowered to QPSK.
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