Low Power Wide Area Networks (lpwan): Technology Review And Experimental Study on Mobility Effect

LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES

2 Frequency modulation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	9
3 Amplitude modulation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	10
4 Digital modulation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	11
5 Constellation graph for QPSK. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	12
6 Wireless technologies comparison [62]. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	14
7 LPWAN standard comparison [29]. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	24
8 LoRa sponsor members [28]. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	26
9 LoRaWAN network structure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	28
10 LoRaWAN network layers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	30
11 LoRaWAN class A device. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	31
12 LoRaWAN class B device. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	31
13 LoRaWAN class C device. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	32
LoRaWAN security. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Experimental setup: (a) end device subjected to angular velocity and	33
(b) heat map of car driven on motorway across the gateway [47]. . . .	36
16 System architecture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	41
17 LL-RXR-27 evaluation board. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	43
18 Symphony link network architecture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	44
19 Message flow between host and end node. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	45
20 LL-BST-8 gateway. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	57
21 Gateway configuration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	58
22 Prelude symphony link application. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	60
23 Experimental setup. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	63
24 Code result. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	64
25 Effect of mobility with varying packet sizes (indoor). . . . . . . . . .	65
26 Effect of mobility with distance of 0.1 mile (indoor). . . . . . . . . . .	67

27 Effect of mobility with distance of 0.3 mile (indoor). . . . . . . . . . .	67
28 Effect of mobility on packet loss rates (indoor). . . . . . . . . . . . .	68
Effect of mobility on packet sizes (outdoor). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CDF for end-to-end delay for variable vehicle speed with 80-byte packet	69
at 0.1 mile (outdoor). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	70
31 Effect of mobility on packet loss rates (outdoor). . . . . . . . . . . . .	71
Effect of mobility with varying distance (outdoor). . . . . . . . . . . . CDF for end-to-end delay for variable vehicle speed with 80 byte packet	72
at 0.3mile (outdoor). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	73
34 Effect of mobility on packet loss rates (outdoor). . . . . . . . . . . . .	74