Lithium Harvesting from the Most Abundant Primary and Secondary Sources: a comparative Study on Conventional and Membrane Technologies



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Figure 13. 
Preparation of PSS-threaded HKUST-1 membranes. CHNs = copper hydroxide nano- 
strands. AAO = anodic alumina, the gray bars are the anodic alumina oxide membrane [105]. 
Another recent study by Zhang et al. reported a hybrid membrane of polyvinyl chlo-
ride matrix filled with MOFs (MOFs@PVC) for extraction of Li
+
from salt-lake brines with 
high Mg
2+
/Li
+
 [106]. They employed six MOFs including ZIF-8, UiO-66, HSO
3
-UiO-66, 
HKUST-1, MOF-808, SO
4
-MOF-808 to fabricate MOFs@PVC via casting. The ion selection 
property was studied by the current-voltage (I-V) plots via two compartment transport 
cells as shown in Figure 14 [106]. They also reported HSO
3
-UiO-66@PVC membrane that 
Figure 13.
Preparation of PSS-threaded HKUST-1 membranes. CHNs = copper hydroxide nano-
strands. AAO = anodic alumina, the gray bars are the anodic alumina oxide membrane [
105
].
Another recent study by Zhang et al. reported a hybrid membrane of polyvinyl chlo-
ride matrix filled with MOFs (MOFs@PVC) for extraction of Li
+
from salt-lake brines with
high Mg
2+
/Li
+
[
106
]. They employed six MOFs including ZIF-8, UiO-66, HSO
3
-UiO-66,
HKUST-1, MOF-808, SO
4
-MOF-808 to fabricate MOFs@PVC via casting. The ion selection
property was studied by the current-voltage (I-V) plots via two compartment transport cells
as shown in Figure
14
[
106
]. They also reported HSO
3
-UiO-66@PVC membrane that showed
highest selectivity for Li
+
(Li
+
/Mg
2+
> 4) with a diffusion coefficient of 2.0
×
10

10
cm
2
s

1
.
The pore size and sulfonation of MOFs play important roles in the separation of Li
+
/Mg
2+
.
The pore size provides pore channels for ion transportation and sulfonated groups anchored
in the MOFs can delay Mg
2+
transfer because of the strong affinity between sulfonated
groups and Mg
2+
, which enhanced selectivity for lithium-ion.
Membranes 
2022
,
 12
, x 
17 of 29 
showed highest selectivity for Li
+
(Li
+
/Mg
2+
> 4) with a diffusion coefficient of 2.0 × 10

10
cm
2
s

1
. The pore size and sulfonation of MOFs play important roles in the separation of 
Li
+
/Mg
2+
. The pore size provides pore channels for ion transportation and sulfonated 
groups anchored in the MOFs can delay Mg
2+
transfer because of the strong affinity be-
tween sulfonated groups and Mg
2+
, which enhanced selectivity for lithium-ion. 

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