Linguistics and literary studies department

Phraseology and paremiology

Paremiology is a subsection of phraseology, a section of philology devoted to the study and classification of paremias - proverbs, proverbial expressions, sayings, aphorisms, slogans, will accept other sayings, the main purpose of which is a short figurative, verbal expression of traditional values ​​and attitudes based on life experience group, people, etc. Paremia translated from Greek means "proverb", "proverb", "Parable" is a stable phraseological unit, which is an integral offering didactic content. Paremias refer to proverbs as holistic
sentences, and sayings serving as fragments of sentences. Paremias represent
are speech clichés, similar in imagery and aphorism to winged words. Paremia
of all the peoples of the world convey the same typical situations, have a similar logical content, differing only in the images with the help of which the logical content.
By the term "paremia" researchers understand aphorisms of folk origin, primarily proverbs and sayings, which form a relatively independent layer of linguistic expressions [1, p. five].
It is difficult to say from what time proverbs began to circulate among the people - oral short sayings on a variety of topics. It is also unknown the time of the first sayings - apt utterances that are capable of expressively and accurately characterizing something in conversation without the help of tedious and complex explanations [21, p. 3]. One thing is indisputable: both proverbs and sayings arose in remote antiquity and since that time have accompanied the people throughout its history. Special properties made proverbs and sayings so persistent and necessary in everyday life and in speech.
A proverb is not just a saying. She expresses the opinion of the people. It contains the people's assessment of life, the observations of the people's mind. Not every saying became a proverb, but only one that was consistent with the lifestyle and thoughts of many people - such a saying could exist for millennia, passing from century to century. Behind each of the proverbs is the authority of the generations who created them [21, p. 3]. Therefore, proverbs do not argue, they do not prove - they simply affirm or deny something in the belief that everything they say is the solid truth. For example: A harvest of peace grows from seeds of contentment.
Proverbs are firmly remembered. Their memorization is facilitated by different consonances, rhymes, rhythms.
Since ancient times, sayings differ from proverbs. Usually, sayings are used to refer to widespread expressions - sayings that figuratively define any life phenomena [21, p. five]. Sayings, like proverbs, have entered everyday speech and it is in speech that they reveal their real properties. A proverb, even more than a proverb, conveys an emotionally expressive assessment of various life phenomena. A proverb exists in speech in order to express precisely and above all the feelings of the speaker. For example: Necessity is the mother of invention. A proverb is a widespread figurative expression that aptly defines any life phenomenon: Every beginning is difficult. Unlike proverbs, to which they are close in their form, sayings are devoid of direct instructive meaning and are limited to a figurative, often allegorical, definition of a phenomenon.
Proverbs and sayings differ from phraseological units in structural and grammatical terms: they represent a complete sentence. Let us compare the phraseological unit “Lie on the bears skin” and the proverb “Any ax is too blunt for the bad worker.”
The holistic semantic content of proverbs is based not on concepts, but on judgments. Therefore, proverbs and sayings cannot be carriers of the lexical meaning that is inherent in phraseological units; their meaning can be conveyed only by a sentence (often expanded), while the meaning of a phraseological unit is conveyed by a word or phrase [21, p. 8].
By being suggestions, i.e. units with a closed structure, proverbs and sayings have semantic and intonational completeness, syntactic articulation (if the proverb is used in the literal sense), categories of predicativity and modality, i.e. all constructive features of the proposal. Thanks to the intonation of the message and the predicative category, proverbs and sayings are characterized by the relevance of their content to reality. In our study, we considered only proverbs, since the main feature of the proverb is its completeness and didactic content. The proverb is distinguished by the incompleteness of inference, the absence of an instructive character: Time heals all wounds.
The peculiarity of proverbs is that they retain two planes - literal and figurative. Thus, the proverb “It's better to sew twice” can be used in the literal “The more oil, the more delicious the porridge” and in the figurative sense “It is good to have double coverage”
Proverbs, due to their duality, consist of words with a well-defined independent lexical meaning, which cannot be said about phraseological units, the components of which are completely or partially devoid of semantic independence. The words that make up proverbs express the most essential aspects of thought and are often emphasized, or at least can be emphasized with logical stress. Almost none of the components of the phraseological unit can be logically stressed. Phraseologisms, thus, are devoid of actual division.
Winged expressions can easily pass into the category of proverbs if the literary source that gave rise to them is forgotten. From the point of view of modern linguistic consciousness, such catchphrases as “First the work, then the game”; “Man does not live on bread alone” and others, are already perceived as proverbs [21, p. 9].
Proverbs most clearly illustrate both the way of life (The apple doesn't fall far from the tree), and the geographical location (All roads lead to Rome), and history (World history has always been to shift?), and the traditions of a particular community, united by one culture (You should not wait for a fool).
Currently, the problem of the mutual influence of language and culture is becoming more and more relevant and is of considerable interest to researchers (E.M. Vereshchagin, V.G. Kostomarov, S.G. Ter-Minasova, I.A. Sternin, N.M. Firsova and others). The priority research area is comparative analysis, which is aimed at identification of the specific features of communicants within certain linguocultures. Linguist I.A. Sternin proposes to consider the communicative behavior in a broad sense as the implementation of communication rules and traditions, belonging to the linguocultural community [10, p. 279].