Лекции по теоретической грамматике английского языка для студентов

double, or contaminated, 
predicate
.
e.g. 
The sun shone glaring and dazzling.
Development
(
развертывание
) is a modification of one element by another 
element which depends on the former. Syntactic groups (they can be noun groups, 
verb groups, adjectival groups, adverb groups, etc.) that appear in the result of 
development are of endocentric character, their syntactic behavior is that of the 
central element before it was modified
e.g. 
N 
→
 AN: flower – beautiful flower;

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V 
→
 VAdv: walked – walked slowly;
A 
→
 AdvA: beautiful – strikingly beautiful.
Adjunction
(
присоединение
) is similar to development. It consists in 
modifying words as syntactic elements with particles (e.g. 
only for you, just in 
case, even at such a great sum
).
Inclusion
(
включение
) consists in inserting modal words and similar 
elements into a sentence. (e. g. 
Apparently, this is the only way out. A true friend, 
indeed.
) The specific status of these elements (certain semantics, independence of 
other sentence members, non-fixed position within the sentence boundaries) does 
not allow regarding them as a sentence member.
Isolation
is a syntactic process aimed at accentuating some sentence 
member or sentence member group. The needed effect is reached by prosodic 
means, pausation being used most often. 
Parcellation
is a particular case of 
isolation. Parcellation takes place when the isolated element forms a separate 
sentence. (e. g. 
I used to. At home.
)
The examined syntactic processes deal either with modifying the structure of 
a syntactic element aimed at making it more complicated, or with expanding the 
element.
Substitution, representation and ellipsis play a different role. They are 
characterized by general text dependence and orientation towards compression. 
The resulting element is correlated either with some preceding or following 
elements.
Substitution
(
замещение
) is a use of words with generalized structural 
meaning instead of words and constructions with specific meaning which were 
mentioned earlier.
e.g. 
Do you want me to open the window? – Yes, please do.
Would you kindly pass me an apple? – Do you want a red one? 
Representation
(
репрезентация
) consists in using a part of some syntactic 
unit representing the whole unit.
e.g. 
Could you help me? – I will be happy to.

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He is not coming tonight, is he? – I hope not.
Ellipsis
(
опущение
) takes place when a structurally needed element of the 
construction is not explicitly used but only implied. The omitted element can be 
restored from the context.
e.g. 
It seems so strange! – It is!
Conclusion:
Accepting the elementary sentence and the syntactic process as 
important syntactic notions, we can conclude that a sentence, on the one hand, is a 
construction whose structure is built according to the language system, and on the 
other, the structure of the sentence can be expanded and reduced according to 
specific communication needs and conditions.

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