Лекции по теоретической грамматике английского языка для студентов

Participle II 
The past participle is the non-finite form of the verb which combines the 
properties of the verb with those of the adjective, serving as the qualifying-
processual name. Unlike the present participle, it has no paradigm of its own.
Its verbal features are participation in the structure of the verbal predicate 
(e.g. The house was destroyed by a bomb)
and the use as secondary predicate 
(e.g. 
Her spirit, though crushed, was not broken)
.
Its adjectival feature is its attributive function, e.g
. She looked at the broken 
cup.
Similar to the present participle, the past participle can be used in postposition or 
in preposition to the noun: 
the broken cup vs. the cup broken
. But as compared to 
the present participle, the past participle occurs in preposition to the noun more 
frequently.
Like the present participle, the past participle is capable of making up semi-
predicative constructions of complex object, complex subject, as well as of 
absolute complex. 
The absolute past participial complex as a rule expresses priority in the 
correlation of two events. Cf.: 
The preliminary talks completed, it became possible 
to concentrate on the central point of the agenda. 

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58
Lectures 7 - 8 
The Adjective. The Adverb 
1.
A general outline of the adjective.
2.
Classification of adjectives. 
3.
The problem of the stative.
4.
The category of comparison.
5.
A general outline of the adverb.
6.
Classification of adverbs (semantic features). 
7.
Structural types of adverbs (morphological features).
1. A general outline of the adjective 
Semantic features
. The adjective expresses the property of an entity. 
Typically, adjectives denote states, usually permanent states, although there are 
also adjectives which can denote temporary states. Adjectives are characteristically 
stative, but many of them can be seen as dynamic. The stative property of an entity 
is a property that cannot be conceived as a developing process, and the dynamic 
property of an entity is a property that is conceived as active, or as a developing 
process.
eg. 
John is very tall.
vs
.*John is being very tall today
John is very careful today (unemphatic)
. vs. 
John is being careful today 
(emphatic)
.