Лекции по теоретической грамматике английского языка для студентов

 

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Lexical cohesion 
establishes semantic (through lexical devices, such as 
repetition, equivalence - synonymy, hyponymy, hyperonymy, paraphrase, 
collocation) and pragmatic (presupposition) connectedness; in contrast with the 
previous types of cohesion, it operates over larger stretches of text since it 
establishes chains of related references.
REITERATION – the repetition of the same lexical item + the occurrence of 
a related item. 
There’s a boy climbing that tree. 
a.
Repetition 
The boy’s going to fall if he doesn’t take care. 
b.
 
A synonym or near-synonym 
The lad’s going to fall if he doesn’t take care. 
c.
 
A superordinate 
The child’s going to fall if he doesn’t take care. 
d.
 
A general word 
The idiot’s going to fall if he doesn’t take care. 
REFERENCE: There’s a boy climbing that tree. 
a.
 
Identical 
The boy’s going to fall if he doesn’t take care. 
b.
 
Inclusive 
Those boys are always getting into mischief. 
c.
 
Exclusive 
And there’s another boy standing underneath. 
d.
Unrelated 
Most boys love climbing trees. 
 
Coherence
in 
linguistics
is what makes a text 
semantically
meaningful. 
The notion of 
coherence
was introduced by Vestergaard and Schroder as a way 

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of talking about the relations between texts, which may or may not be indicated 
by formal markers of cohesion. Beaugrande/Dressler define coherence as a 
“continuity of senses” and “the mutual access and relevance within a 
configuration of concepts and relations” . Coherence, as a sub-surface feature of a 
text, concerns the ways in which the meanings within a text (concepts, relations 
among them and their relations to the external world) are established and 
developed. Some of the major relations of coherence are logical sequences, such 
as cause-consequence (
and so
), condition-consequence (
if
), instrument-
achievement (
by
), contrast (
however
), compatibility (
and
), etc. Moreover, it is the 
general ´aboutness´, i.e., the 
topic 
development which provides a text with 
necessary integrity; even in the absence of overt links, a text may be perceived as 
coherent (i.e., as making sense), as in various lists, charts, timetables, menus.
Coherence is present when a text makes sense because there is a continuity 
of senses which holds a text together – it has to be semantically and logically OK. 
George entered the room. He saw Mary cleaning the table. 
John fell and broke his neck. (?) John broke his neck and fell.