Human rights refer to rights attending the condition of being human. These
usually include the right to life, or to not having a person’s life terminated before its
natural death. The defining of when human life begins and what natural death is
immediately arises, as evidenced in the political debates over abortion and euthanasia.
The human right to freedom, or liberty, is usually included in discussions of human rights.
These relate to freedom of thought (intellectual freedom), belief (religious freedom),
conscience, expression (speech and press), and movement. Property, or private ownership
of land and possessions (which also is related to economic freedom, or capitalism), is
often included in human rights. These natural rights of “Life, Liberty and Property” in
John Locke’s phrase, are the human rights supposedly attending human existence, or
God-given rights that pre-exist society and cannot be taken by the state without violating
divine law and natural law. Government for British liberal, social-contract theory is
formed to protect these rights, and any state that violates them is illegitimate.
Democracy is a society or government ruled by the people or by popular
sovereignty. The idea of popular government originated in the ancient Greek political
thought of Athens. The word democracy derives from the Greek words “demos”
(“people” or “many”) and “cracy” (“ruled by” or “regime of”). Democratic government
is the favoured type of government in the modern period, and other forms of rule (such
as monarchy – rule of one – or aristocracy – rule of a few) are considered illegitimate or
inherently unjust. Almost all states in the 20th-century world (even communist and
fascist) claimed to be democratic or a “republic.” All nondemocratic states are considered
dictatorial in this modern view. The modern preference for democratic government came
from the British liberalist, which conceived of just government from the “consent of the
governed.” Any human possessed of reason and having an interest in social law should
be allowed to participate in governing. John Locke’s social contract view of the state is
automatically democratic because every member of society has equal natural rights
requiring state protection, is taxed to support that state, and therefore has a right to have
a say in the laws governing him or her. From this modern liberal logic, the franchise, or
right, to participate in governing through voting is properly extended to more and more
individuals. The experience in the West has been to gradually expand the suffrage
(voting) right.