THE CONCEPT OF MODERNISM
The large cultural wave of Modernism, which gradually emerged in Europe
and the United States in the early years of the 20th century, expressed a sense of
modern life through art as a sharp break from the past, as well as from Western
civilization's classical traditions. Modern life seemed radically different from
traditional life -- more scientific, faster, more technological, and more mechanized.
Modernism embraced these changes.
In literature, Gertrude Stein (1874-1946) developed an analogue to modern
art. A resident of Paris and an art collector (she and her brother Leo purchased
works of the artists Paul Cé, Paul Gauguin, Pierre Auguste Renoir, Pablo Picasso,
and many others), Stein once explained that she and Picasso were doing the same
thing, he in art and she in writing. Using simple, concrete words as counters, she
developed an abstract, experimental prose poetry. The childlike quality of Stein's
simple vocabulary recalls the bright, primary colors of modern art, while her
repetitions echo the repeated shapes of abstract visual compositions. By dislocating
grammar and punctuation, she achieved new "abstract" meanings as in her
influential collection Tender Buttons (1914), which views objects from different
angles, as in a cubist painting:
A Table A Table means does it not my dear it means a whole steadiness. Is
it likely that a change. A table means more than a glass even a looking glass is tall.
Meaning, in Stein's work, was often subordinated to technique, just as
subject was less important than shape in abstract visual art. Subject and technique
became inseparable in both the visual and literary art of the period. The idea of
form as the equivalent of content, a cornerstone of post-World War II art and
literature, crystallized in this period.
Technological innovation in the world of factories and machines inspired
new attentiveness to technique in the arts. To take one example: Light, particularly
electrical light, fascinated modern artists and writers. Posters and advertisements of
the period are full of images of floodlit skyscrapers and light rays shooting out
from automobile headlights, movie houses, and watchtowers to illumine a
forbidding outer darkness suggesting ignorance and old-fashioned tradition.
Photography began to assume the status of a fine art allied with the latest
scientific developments. The photographer Alfred Stieglitz opened a salon in New
York City, and by 1908 he was showing the latest European works, including
pieces by Picasso and other European friends of Gertrude Stein. Stieglitz's salon
influenced numerous writers and artists, including William Carlos Williams, who
was one of the most influential American poets of the 20th century. Williams
cultivated a photographic clarity of image; his aesthetic dictum was "no ideas but
in things."
Henry James, William Faulkner, and many other American writers
experimented with fictional points of view (some are still doing so). James often
restricted the information in the novel to what a single character would have
known. Faulkner's novel The Sound and the Fury (1929) breaks up the narrative
into four sections, each giving the viewpoint of a different character (including a
mentally retarded boy).
To analyze such modernist novels and poetry, a school of "new criticism"
arose in the United States, with a new critical vocabulary. New critics hunted the
"epiphany" (moment in which a character suddenly sees the transcendent truth of a
situation, a term derived from a holy saint's appearance to mortals); they
"examined" and "clarified" a work, hoping to "shed light" upon it through their
"insights."
Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |