Lecture 6 turkistan and its division into khanates the Khanate of Bukhara or Khanate of Bukhoro

Qungrat Inaks

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  Ishmed bi: Howorth only, information from Muraviev who visited in 1820
  
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  Muhammed Amin Biy: ru: 1763-1790, slowly restored relative peace, defeated Turkomans in 1770 and Bukhara in 1782.
  
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  Avaz or Ivaz: ru: 1790-1804, son of above, relative peace and stability, in 1793 rebellion in lower delta suppressed, but area somewhat independent for about 20 years, in 1793 Russian Dr. Blankenagle was unable to cure his brother's blindness, but left report. According to Howorth, the brother, Fazil bi was 'always consulted' by Avaz and his father.
  
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  Eltuzar (1804): son of above, made himself khan after a few months.
  

Qungrat Khans

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  Iltazar Inaq ibn Iwaz Inaq Biy (1804–1806) Inak, exiled last khan, said he would find another, collected army and had himself made khan, attacked Yomuds towards Asterabad, then allied with them, attacked Bukhara, defeated, fled across the Oxus in a boat, so many people piled onto it that it sunk and he was drowned.
  
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  Muhammad Rahim Bahadur I.(1806–1825) son of above, said to be cruel but strong measures restored order, conquered lower delta (ru:1811), subjugated tribes, fought Persia and Bukhara, visited by Muraviev (1820) who left report. Munis wrote history of Khiva used by Bregel.
  
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  Allah Quli Bahadur (1825–1842) son of above, c 1832 took Merv and Serakhs, Alexander Burnes met his army there, 1839 Russian invasion defeated by cold weather, c1840 visited by James Abbott, Richmond Shakespear and Arthur Conolly.
  
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  Muhammad Rahim Quli (1842–1846) son of above, fought tribes south of Merv, brother defeated Bokharan invasion.
  
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  Abu al-Ghazi Muhammad Amin Bahadur (1846–1855) brother of above, took Merv, garrison expelled, retaken, fought Tekes, Russians built forts on the Syr Darya, but Khivans only raided the surrounding areas, campaigned south of Merv, Persians intervened, captured and beheaded because he unwisely pitched his tent on the edge of the camp.
  
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  Abdullah (1855) grandson of Ittazar's second son (ru:son of Muhammad Amin), enthroned by defeated army, soon killed by Turkoman rebels.
  
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  Qutlugh Muhammad Murad Bahadur (1855–1856) brother of above, fought same rebels, assassinated by rebel ally who pretended to pay homage.
  
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  Mahmud [ru] (1856) Apparently Howorth's Sayid Mahmud, an opium addict who abdicated in favor of his younger brother below.
  
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  Sayyid Muhammad [ru] (1856 – September 1864) son of second Qungrat khan, civil war, famine and plague, Ignatiev mission(1858), Arminius Vambery's visit(1863).
  
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  Muhammad Rahim Bahadur II [ru] (Feruz Khan) (10 September 1864 – September 1910) son of above, conquered by Russia in 1873, Khiva became a Russian protectorate.
  

Seid Muhammad Rahim, c. 1880

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  Isfandiyar Jurji Bahadur [ru] (September 1910 – 1 October 1918) son of the above. Following the Russian Revolution, lost the country to Junaid-khan Yomut and executed by him.
  

Isfandiyar Jurji Bahadur circa 1911

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  Sayid Abdullah (1 October 1918 – 1 February 1920) brother of the above. Real power in hands of Junaid-khan Yomut.
  

The Emirate of Bukhara (Persian: امارت بخارا‎; Uzbek: Buxoro amirligi) was an Uzbek^[5] state that existed from 1785 to 1920 in what is now modern-day Uzbekistan. It occupied the land between the Amu Darya and Syr Darya rivers, known formerly as Transoxiana. Its core territory was the land along the lower Zarafshan River, and its urban centres were the ancient cities of Samarkand and the emirate's capital, Bukhara. It was contemporaneous with the Khanate of Khiva to the west, in Khwarezm, and the Khanate of Kokand to the east, in Fergana.

History[edit]
See also: Bukharan Revolution

A bureaucrat in Bukhara, ca.1910

Fires in Bukhara during the Red Army's attack, 1 September 1920

The Emirate of Bukhara (top), with Kabool (centre) and Balochistan (bottom and right).

The borders of the Russian imperial territories of Khiva, Bukhara and Kokand in the time period of 1902–1903.

Large Medallion Suzani (textile) from Bukhara, mid-18th century?
The Emirate of Bukhara was officially created in 1785, upon the assumption of rulership by the Manghit emir, Shah Murad. As one of the few states in Central Asia after the Mongol Empire not ruled by descendants of Genghis Khan (besides the Timurids), it staked its legitimacy on Islamic principles rather than Genghisid blood, as the ruler took the Islamic title of Emir instead of Khan. Moreover, both of its neighbors, the Khanate of Khiva and the Kokand Khanate, as well as its predecessor, the Khanate of Bukhara, were ruled by Genghisid descendants.
Over the course of the 18th century, the emirs had slowly gained effective control of the Khanate of Bukhara, from their position as ataliq; and by the 1740s, when the khanate was conquered by Nadir Shah of Persia, it was clear that the emirs held the real power. In 1747, after Nadir Shah's death, the ataliq Muhammad Rahim Bi murdered Abulfayz Khan and his son, ending the Janid dynasty [ja]. From then on the emirs allowed puppet khans to rule until, following the death of Abu l-Ghazi Khan, Shah Murad assumed the throne openly.^[6]
Fitzroy Maclean recounts in Eastern Approaches how Charles Stoddart and Arthur Conolly were executed by Nasrullah Khan in the context of The Great Game, and how Joseph Wolff, known as the Eccentric Missionary, escaped their fate when he came looking for them in 1845. He was wearing his full canonical costume, which caused the Emir to burst out laughing, and "Dr Wolff was eventually suffered to leave Bokhara, greatly to the surprise of the populace, who were not accustomed to such clemency."^[7]
In 1868, the emirate lost a war with Imperial Russia, which had aspirations of conquest in the region. Russia annexed much of the emirate's territory, including the important city of Samarkand.^[8] In 1873 the remainder became a Russian protectorate,^[9] and was soon surrounded by the Governorate-General of Turkestan.
Reformists within the Emirate had found the conservative emir, Mohammed Alim Khan, unwilling to loosen his grip on power, and had turned to the Russian Bolshevik revolutionaries for military assistance. The Red Army launched an unsuccessful assault in March 1920, and then a successful one in September of the same year.^[10] The Emirate of Bukhara was conquered by the Bolsheviks and replaced with the Bukharan People's Soviet Republic. Today the territory of the defunct emirate lies mostly in Uzbekistan, with parts in Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan. It had also included present northern Afghanistan between 1793 and 1850.
Family[edit]
The emir's daughter Shukria Raad Alimi worked as a broadcaster in Radio Afghanistan. Shukria Raad left Afghanistan with her family three months after Soviet troops invaded the country in December 1979. With her husband, also a journalist, and two children she fled to Pakistan, and then through Germany to the United States. In 1982, she joined the VOA, and has worked as a broadcaster for VOA's Dari Service, editor, host and producer.^[11]
Culture[edit]
Located along important trading routes, Bukhara enjoyed a rich cultural mixture, including Persian, Uzbek, and Jewish influences. The city of Bukhara has a rich history of Persian architecture and literature, traditions that were continued into the Emirate Period. Prominent artists of the period include the poet Kiromi Bukhoroi, the calligrapher Mirza Abd al-Aziz Bukhari and the scholar Rahmat-Allah Bukhari. Throughout this period, the madrasahs of the region were renowned.
Amirs/Emirs of Bukhara (1785–1920)[edit]