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Civil war and Soviet Republic[edit]
See also: Khivan Revolution
Flag used by the khanate of Khiva during the civil war (1917–1922)[12]
After the 1917 Bolshevik seizure of power in the October Revolution, anti-monarchists and Turkmen tribesmen joined forces with the Bolsheviks at the end of 1919 to depose the khan. On 2 February 1920, Khiva's last Kungrad khan, Sayid Abdullah, abdicated and a short-lived Khorezm People's Soviet Republic (later the Khorezm SSR) was created out of the territory of the old Khanate of Khiva, before it was finally incorporated into the Soviet Union in 1924, with the former Khanate divided between the new Turkmen SSR and Uzbek SSR. Following the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, these became Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan respectively. Today, the area that was the Khanate has a mixed population of Uzbeks, Karakalpaks, Turkmens, and Kazakhs.
Khans of Khiva (1511–1920)[edit]
The borders of the Russian imperial territories of Khiva, Bukhara and Kokand in the time period of 1902–1903
Data on the Khivan Khans is sparse and sometimes contradictory, especially for the minor khans. Names and dates from Bregel/Muniz[13] which probably gives the best modern scholarship. Short biographies are from Howarth's 1880 book[14] which is old but has biographies of most of the khans. RU: is data from the Russian Wikipedia when nothing could be found in English or there was a major contradiction. RU: has sources in local languages.
Arabshahid Dynasty (Yadigarid Shabanid Dynasty, 1511–1804[edit]
X: According to Howorth the ancestors of Ilbars were Arabshah, Haji Tuli, Timur Sheikh, Yadiger Khan, Bereke, Ilbars. Arabshah's brother was Ibrahim Oghlan, ancestor of the khans of Bokhara.
Ilbars I (1511–1518) 1. Enthroned by locals, several months to drive out Persians, brought in more Uzbeks who raided Khorasan.
Sultan Haji (1518–1519) 2. Nephew of 1, short reign, real power was cousin Sultan Gazi.
Hasan Quli (1519–1524, ru:1519) 3. cousin of 1, Killed by Ilbars' sons after 4-month siege of Urgench.
Sufyan (1529–1535, ru:1519-22) 4. 'Sofian Khan', second cousin of 1, fought Turkomans on lower Uzboy River which then had water.
Bujugha (1524–1529, ru:1522-26) 5. brother of 4, raided Persia, then made marriage alliance using 4's daughter. Dates from Bregel/Muniz reverse 4 and 5.
Avnik (1535–1538, ru:1526-38) 6. 'Avanek', brother of 4, blood feud with 1's family and others led to a Bokharan invasion and his death. Bokharans held Khwarezm until they were driven out by his son, Din Muhammed.
Qal (1539–1549, ru:1541-47) 7. 'Kal Khan', son of 6, prosperous reign.
Aqatay (1549–1557, ru:1547-57) 8. 'Akatai', brother of 4, fought sons of several of his brothers, defeated and impaled.
Dust Muhammad (1557–1558) 9. 'Dost Khan', son of 5, fought his brother Ish and both were killed.
Haji Muhammad I (1558–1602) 10. son of 8, fought Bokhara, which conquered Khiva, 3 years in Persia, regained homeland, driven out, retook it. Visit of Anthony Jenkinson.
Arab Muhammad I (1602–1623, ru:1603-21) 11. son of 10, Ural Cossack raid defeated, two Kalmyk raids, weak, two sons rebelled, blinded, later killed.
Isfandiyar (1623–1643) 12. son of 11, killed his rebellious brothers, pro-Turkoman, anti-Uzbek.
Abu al-Ghazi I Bahadur (1643–1663) 13. son of 11, khan after defeating Turkoman-Bokharan faction, fought Bokhara and Kalmyks, wrote Genealogy of Turks, an important historical source.
Anusha (1663–1685) 14. son of 13, took Bukhara[15] and lost it, three more failures at Bokhara, overthrown and blinded by son Erenk.
X: Between Anusha and Sher Gazi (1685-1714) Bregel and Howorth diverge, as do entries in the Russian Wikipedia. Howorth has A. Muhammed Erenk, failed attack on Bukhara, poisoned, B. Shah Niaz (1687-after 1700) appointed by Bukhara, letter to czar in 1700. C. Arab Muhammed, letter from Czar in 1703. D. Haji Muhammed Behadur envoy to Czar in 1714, E. Yadiger (-1714), F. Arank, a Karakalpak, father of Shir Gazi
Khudaydad (1685–1687) ru: 1686-89, son of Anusha, enthroned at 15, killed.
Muhammad Awrang I (1687–1694) ru:1689-94, son of Anusha, killed by fall from horse.
Chuchaq (1694–1697) ru: calls him 'Jochi Khan', descendant of Haji Muhammad I
Vali (1697–1698)ru: descendant of Haji Mukhammad, could not maintain stability and was removed.
Ishaq Agha Shah Niyaz (1698–1701) ru: son of Jochi/Chuchaq. Howorth has Shah Niyaz appointed by Bukhara in 1687.
Awrang II (1701–1702)
ru only:Shakhbakht Khan (1702–03) son of Shah Niyaz, overthrown.
ru only:Sayyid Ali Khan (1703) son of Shah Niyaz, reign lasted several days.
Musa (1702–1712) ru:1703-04, son of Jochi/Chucaq, fled to Merv
Yadigar I (1712–1713) ru:1704-14, son of Haji Muhammad I, followed by Sher Ghazi
Awrang III (c. 1713 – c. 1714)
Haji Muhammad II (c. 1714) envoy to czar in 1714, grandson of Abul Ghazi
Shir Ghazi (1714–1727) from Bukhara, defeated Alexander Bekovich-Cherkassky, fought rival state on lower delta under Timur Sultan, visited by Florio Beneveni, minor slave rebellion. ru:killed by slaves in same year as Howorth's slave rebellion, descendant of Sultan Gazi (see Sultan Haji).
Sarigh Ayghir (1727)
Bahadur (1727–1728)
Ilbars II (1728–1740) A Kazakh, rejected threat from Nadir Shah, surrendered to him, killed because he had killed Nadir's envoys. Nadir freed Persian slaves.
X from here to 1804 Russian wiki has a Tukatimurid dynasty, descendants of Tuka Timur, the thirteenth son of Jochi. This does not seem to be in English sources.
Tahir (1740–1742) cousin of Bokharan khan, appointed by Nadir Shah, killed when Nadir's army was elsewhere.
Nurali I (1742) Kazakh, son of Abul Khair Khan, helped expel Nadir's garrison, fled to steppe before Persian army returned. ru: expelled by Persians.
Abu Muhammad (1742) son of Ilbars, appointed by returning Persians
Abu al-Ghazi II Muhammad (1742–1747) resisted returning Persians?
Ghaib (Kaip Khan) (1747–1758) a Kazakh, enemy of Nurali, driven out, later khan of Little Horde.
X Between Kaip and 1804 Howorth cannot identify khans. He says that they were titular rulers and often exiled after a few years. Real power was in the hands of Inaks or hereditary prime ministers who were also chiefs on the Qungrat tribe in the lower delta. He lists these Inaks: A. Ishmed bi; B. Muhammed Amin (1755-1782) son of A; C. Ivaz, (?-1804), son of B, Dr Blankenagel (1793) could not cure his brother's blindness but left account; D. Iltazar, son of C, after six months expelled last Arabshahid khan.
Abdullah Qara Beg (1758)
Timur Ghazi (1758–1764)
Tawke (1764–1766)
Shah Ghazi (1766–1768)
Abu al-Ghazi III (1768–1769) ru: son of Kaip, later khan of Karakalpaks, later on lower Syr Darya, died in poverty in 1815
Nurali II (1769)
Jahangir (1769–1770) ru: son of Kaip
Bölekey (1770) ru: a Kazakh from lower Syr Darya, expelled above and soon driven out himself.
Aqim (first time, 1770–1771)
Abd al-Aziz (c. 1771)
Artuq Ghazi (c. 1772)
Abdullah (c. 1772)
Aqim (second time, c. 1772 – c. 1773)
Yadigar II (first time, c. 1773–1775)
Abu'l Fayz (1775–1779)
Yadigar II (second time, 1779–1781)
Pulad Ghazi (1781–1783)
Yadigar II (third time, 1783–1790)
Abu al-Ghazi IV (1790–1802) visit of Russian Dr. Blankenagel in 1793.
Abu al-Ghazi V ibn Gha'ib (1802–1804)
Qungrat Dynasty (1804–1920)[edit]
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