Lecture №4 grammatical problems of translation the grammatical level

LECTURE №4 GRAMMATICAL PROBLEMS OF TRANSLATION

The grammatical level

• On the grammatical level, there are two things to consider:
• Morphology (words)
• Syntax (the arrangement of words into sentences)
• Translation loss on the grammatical level is usually obvious.

Words

• The combination of words creates meanings that they do not have in isolation
• One of the reasons of translation loss on the lexical level (words) is that exact synonymy is rare between ST words and TT words.

Grammatical arrangements

• There are two types of grammatical structure:
• Morphological patterns affecting individual words
• Syntactic patterns

Adverbs in Uzbek and English

• Some translate into adverbs in English
• (tez-tez translates as “quickly”)
• Complex forms in Uzbek translated as English adverbs:
• (“xushchaqchaqlik bilan” translates as “cheerfully”)

• Compounds too are differ from a language to a language.
• English shows a limited use of compounds
• Uzbek builds compounds through the use of genetive structure.

• Grammatical differences are especially clear in differences in verb systems.
• The system of tenses in Uzbek is quite different from English.
• “sotib olyapti” translates as “buys, is buying, will buy”.

Morphological repetition

• Types of morphological repetition:
• Pattern repetition
• Root repetition
• Suffix repetition

Pattern repetition

• Pattern repetition involves repetition of the same pattern. In two or more words in close proximity.
• P.repetition can be combined with some kind of semantic relationship to give additional emphasis.
• The semantic relationships between words with repeated patterns are of three types:
• Semantically related words
• Synonyms or near-synonyms
• Antonyms