Lecture 3 parts of speech

3. The main functional parts of speech and their characteristics

• The modal word, occupying in the sentence a detached position, expresses the attitude of the speaker to the reflected situation and its parts. Here belong the functional words of probability (probably, perhaps, etc.), of qualitative evaluation (fortunately, unfortunately, luckily, etc.), and also of affirmation and negation.

4. Subcategorization of the parts of speech.

• Each part of speech is further subdivided into subclasses on the basis of semantico-functional or formal features.

4. Subcategorization of the parts of speech.

• NOUN subclasses:
• Proper – common
• Example: Mary – person
• Animate – inanimate
• Example: Lion – field
• Concrete – abstract
• Example: coin - honesty
• Countable – uncountable
• Example: notebook - news

4. Subcategorization of the parts of speech.

• VERB subclasses:
• Finite – non-finite (fully predicative – partially predicative)
• Example: goes – to go, going, gone
• Transitive – intransitive
• Example: put, take – live, ache
• Actional – statal
• Example: play, ride – exist, suffer
• Regular– irregular
• Example: work – go, put

4. Subcategorization of the parts of speech.

• ADJECTIVE subclasses:
• Qualitative – relative
• Example: long, comfortable – deaf, wooden
• Factive – evaluative
• Example: tall, mental – kind, brave

5. Parts of speech migration.

• The stems of two or more lexemes may belong to different parts of speech. Such words are called polyfunctional.
• Examples: love – to love, doctor – to doctor, man – to man, home (n) – home (adv.)
• This is a result of words migration. The lexemes have different paradigms:
• Examples: doctor – doctors – doctor’s – doctors’ and to doctor, doctored, doctoring, etc.

5. Parts of speech migration.

• The new parts of speech are built by conversion in such examples. Polyfunctional words are present both in the notional and semi-notional parts of speech.
• Examples: He arrived before seven (preposition). I have never seen you before (adverb). Wash your hands before you have dinner (subordinating conjunction).