Tributary Disciplines
‘Culture’ is the object of study of a range of different research disciplines.
For example,
anthropology
investigates in general how membership of a
particular social group is related to particular sets of behaviour;
ethnogra-
phy
seeks, partly through structured exposure to other cultures, to explore
and describe how the speech systems and behaviours of groups are related
to their social structures and beliefs; and
cultural studies
seeks to under-
stand and interpret the way that members of a group represent themselves
through their cultural products (whether those products are poems, songs,
dances, graffiti, or sports events). Each of these disciplines has its own intel-
lectual history and methodology, and each alone easily constitutes an
entire university programme. From the perspective of the intercultural
approach, they can be thought of as ‘tributary’ disciplines, each shaping the
practices and concerns of the intercultural classroom and intercultural
courses. To make sense of their contributions to ELT it is worth summaris-
ing some of the arguments about culture found in the main ‘tributary
disciplines’, that is, the various branches of linguistic, anthropological and
cultural studies. These summaries should be understood as thumbnail
sketches, intended to give general points of reference in a complex set of
discussions.
Linguistics
English language teaching is generally considered a branch of
applied
linguistics: in ELT, linguistic knowledge is not sought for its own sake but
in order to facilitate the more effective teaching of English to speakers of
other languages. Linguistics ‘proper’ has a different set of disciplinary
objectives from ELT. It would, in fact, be a mistake to assume that linguists
such as grammarians, discourse analysts, phoneticians and phonologists,
all have a similar set of objectives. Given the diversity of their interests, we
would expect linguists to disagree to some extent about the primary goals
of linguistic investigations and the methods of gathering and validating
evidence. For example, some linguists consider native speaker intuitions
about language to be the primary source of valid data, while others prefer
to collate and analyse large computerised data archives of what other
people have written and uttered. Most academic disciplines are character-
ised by arguments about priorities and methodology – in linguistics one of
the sources of dispute is about the status of culture and its relationship to
language.
An Intercultural Approach to Second Language Education
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