Languages for intercultural communication and education


Applied linguistic approaches to genre



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Applied linguistic approaches to genre
The systemic-functional approach assumes that culture is ‘within’ the
text; in other words, that by examining the organisation of the text, the
analyst can reveal the cultural expectations and values of the readers and
writers. Despite some similarities to the systemic-functional approach, an
applied linguistic method of text analysis draws more on ethnography and
sociolinguistics. Associated particularly with the work of ESP researchers
and teachers such as Bex (1996), Bhatia (1993), Candlin and Hyland (1999),
Hyland (2000), Swales (1990), this type of genre analysis looks beyond the
text to the social organisation of the community that it serves. Like the
systemic-functional approach, the applied linguistic approach looks to
social purpose as a factor which constrains text organisation and content,
but unlike the systemic-functional approach, it supplements linguistic
observation with other research techniques, such as interviews to elicit
from ‘expert’ users their views about the social purposes served by the
texts. One example of the use of this kind of technique would be to consider
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the different uses of citations in an undergraduate assignment and a
research article. In undergraduate assignments, citations might display to
the assessor that the student is familiar with the prescribed reading on the
course and can integrate it appropriately into a coherent argument. In
research articles, researchers use citations to indicate to their peers how
they are positioning themselves with respect to a research tradition: which
branch of research they are affiliating with and which they are challenging
or disputing (cf. Swales, 1990: 148–51). Citations act as a kind of ‘family
tree’ for researchers: they use them to establish intellectual kinship. If asked
why they cite other people’s work in their assignments or articles, students
and researchers will usually offer quite different reasons. Knowing why a
certain community uses aspects of text like citations can obviously help L2
learners to choose appropriate content and present it according to the
cultural expectations of their readers.

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