For example: Could you help me, please?
The opposition the future and present cam also be refused. For example present forms are regularly used to denote future action, plan or anticipated in the near future. For example: We are going to London tomorrow.
Transposition takes place when the future forms are used to express insistence (настойчивость). For example: When he needs something he will talk and talk about for days.
There is one more problem in English grammar concerning the future tenses: the status of the verb shall/will and should/would. As a matter of fact these verbs in their etymology (происхождение) are model verbs: verbs of obligation (долженствование) and willingness, but now days they preserve (сохранили) their modal meaning in no high degree then the future tense forms in other languages. The future differs (defers) in this respect from the past and the present because none can be positively shire about events that have not yet taken place or are not taken place now.
A certain modal coloring is characteristic of the future tense semantics in any language as future actions are always either anticipated or planed or necessary or desired. Thus the homonymous verbs shall/will and should/would are to be distinguished in context in which their function is as purely modal verbs (payment should be made ) and in context in which their function is as auxiliary verbs of the future tense forms which subdue modal semantics.
The category of aspect (категория вида) The general meaning of category of aspect is the inner mode of realization of proses. Aspect is closely connected with time semantic showing the temporal structure of the action. Like time (tense) aspect can be expressed both by lexical and grammatical means.
In English the aspect is manifested in the lexical subdivision of verbs into limited and unlimited (durative).
There are four correlated forms of the aspect in English: the indefinite (simple), the continuous (progressive), the perfect and the perfect continuous. As we have already mentioned the expression of aspective semantics in English is into connected with the expression of the temporarily semantics. That’s why in practical grammar they are treated as tense-aspect forms (16).
The category of aspect just like the category of tense is a system of two subcategories. The first subcategory is realized through the opposition of the continuous forms and the indefinite forms of the verbs. This category can be called the category of development (категория развития). The majority of linguists support the point of view that the meaning of continuous is purely aspective – action in progress or developing action. The unmarked member of the opposition the indefinite stresses the mere fact of the performance of action.
The category of development can be neutralized for example the transposition regularly takes place with statal verbs, their indefinite forms are used instead of the continuous for semantic reasons: statal verbs denote developing process by their own meaning. The use of the statal verbs in the continuous can be treated as “reverse transposition” (обратная транспозиция) stylistically colored context for example: you are being naughty.
One more case of transposition is the use of the continuous instead of the indefinite to denote habitual, repeated action in emphatic speech with negative connotations.
Лекция 9 (18.11.15) The second subcategory may be called the category of retrospective coordination (ретроспективной координации). It is formed by the opposition of the Perfect and the non – Perfect forms of the verbs. The Perfect forms denote a preceding action successively (следовать за чем то) connected with a certain time limit or another action (Perfect обозначает предшествующее действие которое связано отношением последовательности с каким то определённым временным моментом или другим действием). The following situation is included in the sphere of interest of the preceding situation. So the two semantic components constitute the mixed semantics of the perfect: priority (relative time, предшествование) and coordination or result (результат, aspective meaning). Hence (следовательно), the general name for this situation is retrospective coordination. In different context prominence may be given to either of these semantic components. For example, He has opened the window and it is cold in the room (prominent is given to result); When John came home the guests have already left (prominent is given to priority). When the Perfect is used in combination with the Continuous the action is treated as prior and developing at the same time, for example, I have been thinking about you since we passed our last exam. Thus the Perfect Continuous form actually marks both subcategories: the subcategory of development and that of retrospective coordination. The subcategory of retrospective coordination can be reduced. This transposition takes place with some verbs of physical and mental perception, for example, Sorry I forget your name. Within the system of verbal aspect in English the two subcategories are interconnected: any action is evaluated as developing or non – developing or then it is estimated retrospectively coordinated or not coordinated with another action or time limit.
