Khayrullayev sherzod

Uzbekistan State University

of Physical Culture and sports Fergana branch

06- 21 group student

KHAYRULLAYEV SHERZOD

Independent work

Subject:English

Theme: Boxing

Fulfilled: KHayrullayev Sherzod

Received: Qambarova Dildora

PLAN:

1. Introduction

2. The main part

2.1 Antique time

2.2 New time. England

2.3 Boxing in the XIX-XX centuries

3. Conclusion

4. Used sources

Introduction

First of all, people have always argued among themselves. Arguments were sometimes settled with words, and sometimes they used force - the power of their fists. For centuries, people have been going to watch fistfights. .over time, they began to think about organizing fistfights for the entertainment of the public.boxing (from the English - box, literally - blow) is a combat sport, a fist fight between two athletes, held in the ring and is considered as an interesting competition, where everything is clear and clear: whoever strikes more blows will be the winner. .having passed a difficult path from a primitive fist fight to combat sports, boxing has emerged as a separate kind of sport.

.the purpose of my test work is to reveal the history of the origin of fist fights and their development into a sport called boxing.

Sherzod BOKS, [15.12.2021 19:19]

Chapter 1. Evolution of Boxing

1.1 Antique time

The emergence of fist fighting as a sport has been lost for centuries. .hieroglyphic records found in Ethiopia date back to 4000 BC and suggest that fist fighting (as a form of martial arts) was known back in Africa. .the sport spread throughout the Nile Valley and Egypt after Egypt conquered Ethiopia. Egyptian civilization expanded across the Mediterranean and the Middle East and, therefore, boxing spread in the same direction. .Egyptian hieroglyphs of the 40th century BC, depict men who are fighting fistfights in primitive gloves - leather bandages. A bas-relief found during excavations in Babylon depicts a fist fight dating back to the second millennium BC. .during excavations near Baghdad, many slabs were found depicting fistfights. It can be assumed that fistfights from Egypt spread to Greece and the island of Crete. .glove fighting is depicted in a fresco from the island of Thira, Greece, dating from 1520 BC.

During the heyday of the Aegean culture, fistfights were known - this was shown by the excavations of the Mino labyrinth. .the origin of fist fights can be explained very simply: a person is born with hands, which are a multifunctional organ, one of the functions of which is defense and attack. .that is, hands are weapons given to a person from birth and do not bear such mutilations as other weapons. With the development of public fist fights, the culture of the people also developed.

.fistfights were especially common among the Ionians, as evidenced by surviving legends. Descriptions of this type of competition (fist fighting) in ancient Greece were made by Homer.

.According to legend, the patron saint of fistfights was Apollo himself, who defeated Ares, showing great skill in speed and dexterity. The Greeks considered Amikus the founder of fist fighting. .he did not let out a single stranger from his state without fighting him in a fist fight. Socrates, Plato and Aristotle spoke of fistfighting as an aesthetically beautiful form of exercise for strong and courageous people. .many poets, statesmen, writers were fond of fist fighting. For example, the famous mathematician Pythagoras was an excellent athlete and won fist fights.

.For a number of centuries, fistfights have occupied a relatively large place in the life of society.in various works of art, in folk songs, legends, epics, strength and courage, honesty and patriotism, nobility and courage shown by fist fighters during single combat were glorified. .all these qualities make a person wonderful and valuable to society.

The fights were fought not only with bare fists, but also with bandaged hands. Fist fighters, starting from the XI-XII centuries. BC. they used the simplest form of gloves - meilihai. .meilihai are 3 - 3.5-meter belts made of soft bovine leather, oiled or greased. First, they bandaged four fingers, then the forearm.

In the VI century. BC e. Meilihai was replaced by a sefairay, an idea of which is given by the sculpture of a seated fist fighter of that time - Amik. Melikhai mainly protected the hands from injuries, and the sfaray was more intended to increase the impact force.

.from the end of the 4th to the 2nd centuries BC e. used gloves with lead and iron, called cestas - gloves of Roman origin.

The use of these gloves had a negative impact on sports culture and the art of combat.

.in those distant times, as in the present, professional fighters. They held metal and stone balls in their fists. The battle lasted until one of the fighters knocked down the other opponent or struck him with "great damage." .this negatively affected the educational side of the battle and reduced its attractiveness. An unhealthy passion for fistfighting appeared. The fighters were often injured.

.however, boxing as we know it now, it was difficult to call a fist fight of that time. The fighting took place in the open air. Spectators gathered around the site where the athletes fought and this, as it were, marked the boundaries of the sports ground. .the fight continued until one of the participants was unable to continue the fight. First of all, the first boxers fought for glory, but, nevertheless, the winner received gold and other trophies.

In ancient Greece, there were no rules for fistfighting. .the art of fighting was inherited. The fencing of the battle area was formed by the spectators themselves. Since the space for fighting was quite large, it was difficult to drive the enemy into a corner. .opponents fought without time limit. When the fighters got tired, by agreement of both sides, the competition was interrupted until the fighters regained their strength. .if one of the opponents gave a signal to surrender - raised his hand up, then the battle ended. The judge, depicted on vases with a vine in his hands, watched over the correctness of the battle. In case of violation of the rules of battle, the judge, with the blows of this vine, separated the fighters. .the classification of fighters by weight categories was not known in those distant times. All comers competed, regardless of body weight. Thus, fistfighting was the monopoly of the heavyweights.

.one of the most striking phenomena in the history of physical culture in ancient Greece were the Olympic Games. The Olympic Games received universal recognition as an event of enormous social and political importance in 776 BC. e. .it is from this year that the time counting for the Olympiads is introduced in Greece. A fist fight was included in the program of the XXIII Olympic Games (688 BC). .among the ancient Olympians, 6 victories in wrestling (540-516 BC) were achieved by Milo from Cropon and Hipposthenes from Sparta - 5 victories (624-608 BC).

.under the guidance of specialists, the fighters trained in palaestra - this is a 6x6 m building with rooms for various exercises, with saunas, rooms for rest and hygiene procedures.

.fighters trained in gloves made of soft belts, on their heads there was a hat with headphones, sewn from soft leather with a lining. Instead of a dangling training pear, the Greeks had a leather bag filled with date pits.

.strict rules were set for the participants in the games. Unscrupulous methods for achieving victory were prohibited, in particular, bribing each other, injuring each other. Compliance with all these rules was monitored by eladonics (judges).

.in 394, by order of the Roman emperor Theodosius I, who established Christianity, the Olympic Games were banned (as pagan). .some time later, Olympia was destroyed by the Goths, and in 426, by order of Theodosius II, the Romans burned the temple of Zeus - the center of the Olympic Games.

.at the initiative of the Secretary of the Sports Union of France Pierre de Coubertin in April 1896 in Athens, the Olympic flame flared up again. The I Olympic Games was attended by 285 athletes from 13 countries, but there were no boxers among them.

During the 1st and 2nd Olympic Games, boxing was not included in the program - it was considered a barbaric sport.By 1904, boxing in America had become one of the most popular sports and therefore it was included in the program of the III Olympic Games in St. Louis. .and only since 1920 boxing has become a permanent Olympic discipline, the popularity of amateur boxing is growing all over the world ..

1.2 New time. England

The birthplace of modern boxing is England (1766). Fistfighting in England at the very beginning was a rather primitive sight. The combat system is to deliver and take blows. .the fighter who was stronger and more patient enjoyed the greatest success with the audience. James Figg is prominent in the history of boxing. He began his career in martial arts with fencing with sticks, broadswords, foils, where he was a recognized master. .for the first time, James Figg became the first official champion of England. He held this title from 1719 to 1729. In addition, he was the first to teach fist fighting and the organizer of the prize ring. .shortly after winning the championship, he opened the James Figg Boxing Academy and began teaching the art of fistfighting. Champion of England from 1740 to 1750 - Jones Browton. This period also coincides with the period of the first rules of warfare. .the founder of the modern trend in boxing was Jones Browton. Brauton surpassed Figg in the art of boxing and enjoyed equal popularity. He developed rules that softened the roughness of practical combat. .according to these rules, fights began to be held in the ring (translated from English - “circle”).the first competition rules were developed in England on August 16, 1743 by boxing champion Jack Broughton (1704-1789), who held the title from 1743 to 1750.

The fight was not divided into rounds, i.e. periods in a duel. .the round was considered completed after one of the opponents fell. Matches could last from 30 to 70 rounds. Accordingly, the duration of the battle was from 20 minutes to 4 hours. The technique of the fighters also remained quite primitive. .strength and endurance remained important qualities. Many outstanding fighters were raised by Browton. He introduced gloves for training, but they have not yet been used in competitions.

.one of the most prominent figures in the history of boxing is Daniel Mendoza. In 1792 he becomes the champion of England. With excellent technique and extensive knowledge of boxing theory, Mendoza creates a new boxing school. .he was an excellent teacher and had numerous followers. His manner of fighting at first caused bewilderment, and even discontent among the then boxing experts. .he based his style on deliberate tactics, technique and speed of movement. Against the strongest boxers, Mendoza had 32 fights, which at that time should be considered an achievement. .Mendoza lost his title in battle to John Jackson in 1795. An entire era in the history of boxing is associated with the name of John Jackson. Historians who have studied this era call this sport the "golden age". John Jackson came out of the common people. .he managed to achieve a high position in society through his military activities. After defeating Mendoza, he did not find an opponent for 3 years, and he left the ring undefeated. .The fame of a tried and tested fighter was brought to him by his teaching activity. In sparring (training fight), he showed wonderful examples of martial art.

.the invention of the direct punch - the foundations of the old English boxing system - is attributed in particular to John Jackson. To soften the brutal nature of the fight, he tried to introduce the use of gloves, but did not find support from the boxers themselves.

.the period of the new rules of the "London prize ring", which were developed and adopted in 1838, begins. They were in effect before the introduction of gloves and were an improvement on Browton's rules. .the new England champion to box by these rules was Benjamin County. He was a typical representative of the style direction in boxing. .he based his tactics on greater strength and energy, did not attach importance to defense, and, in principle, did not know how to defend. He won the championship by playing a 35-round duel with Ward, which took place in February 1841. .from that moment in the history of boxing entered the "championship belt" - a traditional challenge prize. The champion had this prize practically until the first defeat.Boxing fans made an offer to raise funds to make the first belt. .it was crafted from a strip of red velvet trimmed with leather, and attached to it were silver shields engraved with the names of the champions.

.

2.3 Boxing in the XIX-XX centuries

At the end of the 19th century, boxing began to be cultivated in Russia. The history of boxing in the USSR dates back to the first circle created in Moscow by a guard officer M.O. Kister in 1894 (Arena Kister). .In 1887, a boxing section was also created at the St. Petersburg Athletic Society, led by the champion and trainer in French and English boxing E. Lustallo, invited from Paris. .Lustallo arrived in Russia from France in the nineties of the last century. For two decades, he led organizational and pedagogical activities in the field of boxing, was engaged in the preparation of St. Petersburg boxers. .it was on his initiative that two visiting English boxers held the first demonstration boxing match on May 31, 1898 in St. Petersburg.

.from that time on, sections, circles and groups of boxing began to spontaneously appear in various cities of the Russian Empire: Odessa, Sevastopol, Kharkov, Smolensk, Mariupol. .In 1911, the French sailor Marcel Ratier came to Kiev, who immediately organized several boxing circles. But until 1913, neither in St. Petersburg, nor in Moscow, there were no regular classes in this sport. .In 1913, St. Petersburg clerk I. Grave went to London with his modest savings to study English boxing in his homeland. .Returning to his homeland, he challenged all boxers in Russia through the newspaper, inviting them, regardless of their weight and skill, to fight with him for the title of the country's first glove. His challenge was accepted by 3 boxers, all from St. Petersburg - A. Kaudelka, I. .Avksentyev and N. Lushev. Grave emerged victorious and was declared the first Russian champion in 1913. The beginning of the development of boxing in Russia should be considered 1913, when the country's championship was played. Then the championships took place in 1915 and 1916. .Mostly Moscow and St. Petersburg boxers took part in these competitions: V. Gomolitsky, V. Zhukov, V. Konovalov, P. Tasteven, A. Gettier, N. Alimov, P. Nikiforov (Moscow), M. Semichev, G. ..Meyer, Bynes, Mazi, Kossovsky, Kovalchuk, Finteklyus, Gorodnichy, Shemyakin, Slonimsky (Leningrad), Sokolov (Kiev). In 1915 in the Moscow society "Sanitas" the first Rules for boxing competitions were developed. Their authors are Moscow boxers T. .Romanovsky, V. Zhukov, P. Tasteven. Boxing in pre-revolutionary Russia did not have any organizational principle, boxing sections arose spontaneously, there was no educational and methodological system for training boxers.

.outstanding boxers in pre-revolutionary Russia were Ivan Grave, Nur Alimov (Kara Malay) and Pavel Nikiforov, former national champions in different weight categories.

.the victory of the October Revolution marked the beginning of a qualitatively new stage in the development of sports, including boxing, through a wide network of military-sports clubs of Vsevobuch. .for the first time a physical education institution was created - the Main Military School of Physical Education of Workers. Her curriculum also included the training of boxing trainers. .P. Nikiforov and V. Samoilov became the first teachers of boxing after the October Revolution of 1917 at the Main Military School of Physical Education and at the Soviet Military Main Gymnastics - Fencing School. .they stood at the origins of the creation of the Soviet boxing school.

The same work was carried out in one of the military-sports clubs in Petrograd. Our compatriot V. Osechkin together with E. Lustallo took part in the development of boxing. In the early 1920s AKharlampiev and I. Ivanov joined in boxing coaching. However, boxing was not legalized in our country in the twenties. His teaching was limited, and public competitions were allowed to be held, but very rarely.A great contribution to the development of boxing in the USSR was made by the DSO "Dynamo", organized in Moscow in 1923 - coaches K. Gradopolov, A. Getye, P. Sokolov. .however, among the country's sports leadership there were many who considered boxing an attribute of bourgeois sports. .they managed to achieve a ban on the holding of official boxing competitions in almost all regions where this sport developed and gained strength. .supporters of boxing managed to insist on holding an All-Union discussion in 1925 on the question: to be or not to be boxing in the system of general physical education of workers. The discussion lasted until January 1926. .to summarize the results of the discussion, a commission was created from representatives of the sports and trade union leadership, headed by Zikmupd, Rakitin, Levin and a special medical commission consisting of doctors Gorinevsky, Gorinevskaya, Egorov, Rudik, .Bunin, Birzina, Shabasheva, Kuzmina.in front of both commissions, 4 boxing matches were held with the participation of boxers: Lnkudinov, Bessonov, Belokhvostov, Brest, Getye, Gradopolov, Erezov, Selyunin, Knyazev, Klauzinsky, A. and P. .Lebedev, Pelkin, Musailov, Petrov, Pavlov, Rukteshslya, Skinder, Terekhov, Turipin, Eberg. Thanks to the efforts of these people, boxing in the USSR was finally included in the fi .The word "champion" was not mentioned at all in the sports press until the 1930s. This time is celebrated as the time of mass development of physical culture movement. The title was not played in boxing until the 1933 championship.

.the most prominent boxing figures in Russia: 1-E.I. Lustallo,

2-V.M. Zhukov, 3-I.B. Grave, 4-A.G. Kharlampiev,

5-N.N.Alimov (Kara Malay), 6-P.V. Nikiforov, 7-V.V. Samoilov

Boxing departments began to be created at the institutes of physical culture. .this was of great importance for the domestic development of boxing. For the first time, a methodology for teaching boxing, a system of boxing training is being developed. .Gradopolov Konstantin Vasilievich - heads the boxing department at the Moscow Institute of Physical Culture, witness and participant in events related to the development of boxing in

Conclusion

Since 1992, after the collapse of the USSR, Russian athletes have been performing in international competitions as independent teams. .the opportunities of Russian athletes in the international arena have significantly decreased, since, firstly, many high-class athletes and coaches ended up in other countries, and secondly, well-equipped sports bases ended up in the territoriesformer union republics.Boxing has developed as a sport, having gone a difficult path from primitive fist fighting and original martial arts to boxing with a modern classification and system of techniques and actions.

.we know the names of outstanding boxers who have held the title of world champion for many years: Joe Louis - Black striker defended his title 21 times over 11 years, starting in 1937; Floyd Patterson (1956-1960) dominated the professional .Olympus is five years old, and among the pros, James Jeffries (1899-1914) and Jack Johnson (1908-1914) were the first long-living champions.

.Russian boxers performed with triumph at the 2002 European Boxing Championships. They won 9 gold medals out of 12 possible. .among the winners: Sergey Kazakov (up to 48 kg), Georgy Balakshin (51 kg), Raimul Malakhbekov (57 kg), Alexander Maletin (60 kg), Timur Gaidalov (67 kg), Andrey Mishin (71 kg), Mikhail Gala (81 kg), Evgeny Makarenko (91 kg), Alexander Povetkin (over 91 .kg).At the XXIX Olympic Games in Beijing, Russia won two top awards. So, Alexey Tishchenko became a two-time Olympic champion. Another gold medal was brought to us by heavyweight Rakhim Chakhkiev and, finally, Georgy Balakshin won the bronze medal.

.The Beijing Olympics did not answer the main question: who is the main force in the world amateur boxing today.

4. used sources

General history of physical culture and sport // Kuhn L. // Transl. with Hungarian; Under total. ed. V.V. Stolbova - M., 1982.

.And there were fighting fights ...: Stories about unknown episodes from the glorious past of national wrestling, boxing and fist fighting // Lukashev M.N. - M., 1990.

.history of physical culture and sports // Textbook // Goloshchapov B.R. - M .: Publishing Center "Academy", 2007.

Russian sport and the Olympic movement at the turn of the XIX-XX centuries // Sunik A.B. // M., 2004.

Sports Russia, 2006, No. 1.

www.eurosport .