Kaliyeva Anel Aibekovna fl-14 Chronology of events in history of Kazakhstan in the period from 1920-1940

Kaliyeva Anel Aibekovna FL-14


Chronology of events in history of Kazakhstan in the period from 1920-1940.

№	Years	Events	Participants	Consequences
1	August 26, 1920	The formation of Kyrgyz (Kazakh) ASSR	Vladimir Lenin, Mikhail Kalinin	On August 26, 1920, the Soviet government - the Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR - issued a decree "On the formation of the Kyrgyz (Kazakh) Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic" as part of the RSFSR, which was then the first federal socialist state built on the basis of Soviet autonomy. The decree on the formation of the KazASSR defined the territory of Kazakhstan, established that the governing bodies of the KazASSR are the local Councils of Deputies, the Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars. The Kazakh military commissariat was established to manage the military apparatus. Orenburg became the capital of the republic. Despite all the rights declared in the new Union Constitution, Kazakhstan did not receive true independence and even self-government.
2	October 4, 1920	The adoption of the Declaration of the rights of workers of the Kyrgyz (Kazakh) ASSR	Revolutionary Committee for the Management of the (Kyrgyz) Kazakh Territory	The "Declaration of the rights of workers of the KazASSR" was adopted, which constitutionally determined the basic principles of the formation of the Kazakh Soviet statehood. The main content of the Declaration was aimed primarily at the implementation of two main functions. Firstly, the suppression of the overthrown classes within the country and, secondly, the defense of the country against attack from outside.
3	1921-1924	The transition to a New Economic Policy	The central committee of the communist party of the Soviet Union, Russian Communist party	In the agricultural sphere, the surplus was replaced by a lower tax in kind. In 1923-1924 it was allowed to pay the tax in kind with food and money. Private trade in surplus was allowed. The legalization of market relations entailed a restructuring of the entire economic mechanism. The hiring of labor in the countryside was facilitated, and land lease was allowed. Denationalization of small and medium-sized industries was carried out (transfer of enterprises from state ownership to private lease). Limited freedom of private capital in industry and trade was allowed. It was allowed to use hired labor, it became possible to create private enterprises. The rationing system for the distribution of food and goods was canceled. The "ration" system has been replaced by a monetary form of wages.
4	1921	The adoption of the Land and Water reform. Creation of the "Koschi" union.	"Koschi" union members, Kazakhs	In 1921, a land reform was carried out in Semirechye, which returned to the Kazakh workers the lands taken during the suppression of the 1916 uprising. The goal of the reform was to return the lands to the Kazakhs taken away by tsarism. Due to the former officers and resettlement sites, a land fund of 1 million acres was created. In carrying out the land and water reform, an important role was played by the "Koshchi" union ("Union of the poor"), created in 1921. The reform contributed to the strengthening of the alliance of the working class and the Sharua, strengthening national harmony. In Kazakhstan, over 470 thousand hectares of land were transferred to the indigenous population.
5	1921-1922	Famine	Decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, the Council of People's Commissars	In the summer of 1921, a significant part of Kazakhstan was hit by a drought, which was preceded by strong jute. It led to the death of up to 80% of livestock. In November 1921, the number of hungry people was 1 million 508 thousand people, which amounted to 1/3 of the population of the republic; by March 1922 this number had reached more than 2,300,000 people. Only in Western Kazakhstan, by June 1922, the number of starving and sick people reached about 82% of the total population. From the famine of 1921-1922 about 1 million people died in Kazakhstan. In the north-western regions of Kazakhstan, famine became possible not only as a result of a natural disaster, but also as a result of the withdrawal of agricultural "surplus" by food detachments. Thus, in the productive Semipalatinsk and Akmola provinces, food detachments removed up to 80% of all "surplus"; in the Semipalatinsk and Akmola provinces, more than 4 million poods of bread and 24.5 thousand poods of butter were collected at the tax in kind. The withdrawn products - grain, oil, meat, etc., were sent to the proletarian centers of the country - Moscow, Petrograd, Samara, Kazan, Saratov. As a result of hunger, cold and accompanying diseases, the demographic situation in the nomadic and semi-nomadic regions of the republic has worsened - the number of rural population in many provinces has decreased to 1/3, more than 700 thousand people left Kazakhstan.
6	June 15, 1925	Renaming the Kyrgyz ASSR into the Kazakh ASSR	Central Executive Committee and Council of People's Commissars of the Republic, Seitkali Mendeshev, V.A. Radus-Zenkovich	In 1925, the capital of the republic was moved from Orenburg to Kyzyl-Orda. On April 15-19, 1925, the V Congress of Soviets of the Kazakh ASSR was held in the city of Kyzyl-Orda, which was attended for the first time by representatives of all Kazakhstan. At the congress, the historically accurate name of the people - Kazakhs was restored, as a result of which the Kyrgyz ASSR (KASSR) was renamed into the Kazakh Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (KazASSR).
7	1926-1941	Industrialization	Engineering and technical intelligentsia, workers and peasants, Kanysh Satpaev (geological studies), Philip Goloshchekin, Central Executive Committee and Council of People's Commissars of the Republic	The creation of many branches of heavy industry in the republic, as well as the construction of the largest metallurgical plant in Temirtau near Karaganda, was of great importance for the industrialization of Kazakhstan. At the same time, during the years of the first five-year plan (1928-1932), there was a reconstruction of existing and construction of new enterprises. The richest deposits of minerals became the basis for the development of heavy industry in Kazakhstan, especially its extractive industries - oil, coal, non-ferrous metallurgy. The Ridder and Karsakpay polymetallic plants and the Karaganda coal mines were restored. The construction of the Shymkent lead plant, the Balkhash and Zhezkazgan copper-smelting plants, the Ust-Kamenogorsk lead-zinc plant began. Kazakhstan came out on the 7th place in the country for the production of gross industrial product, on the 5th place - on the generation of electricity, on the 3rd place - on the extraction of coal, on the 3rd place - on oil production and on the first place - for the production of lead. The republic provided a significant part of the all-Union mining of non-ferrous metals, the production of nickel, tin, and tungsten was mastered. Urbanization has affected almost all regions of the republic. Great strides have been made in increasing the production capacity of the light and food industries. Shoe and knitwear factories operated in Alma-Ata, a leather and meat processing plant in Semipalatinsk, a fish cannery in Guryev and a fruit canning plant in Alma-Ata, sugar factories in Taldy-Kurgan, Merka and Zhambyl, Ate is a tobacco factory, as well as across the republic there are many bakeries and butter factories. In the production of non-ferrous and ferrous metals, Kazakhstan ranked second in the USSR.
8	1927-1931	The construction of the Turkestan-Siberian railway	The head of the construction of Turksib - V.S.Shatov, Turar Ryskulov, skilled workers: fitters, signalmen, stackers. A large group of experienced engineers and technicians	Stretching 1145 km through the territory where before that there were absolutely no modern communication routes, Turksib played an important role in the development of productive forces and the transformation of the economy of various regions of the country, was a powerful factor in the development of industry and agriculture in the areas adjacent to the railway. In 1927, the Petropavlovsk-Kokchetav (continued in 1931 to Akmolinsk), in 1938 the Akmolinsk-Karaganda, Iletsk-Uralsk, Rubtsovsk-Ridder roads were built to export raw materials from Kazakhstan. In 1940 - Karaganda-Zhezkazgan road was built. Turksib was called “the road of new life” because of having huge impact on the life of a vast region: Almaty city became the center of the republic, such cities as Zhanasemey, Charsk, Zhangyztobe, Aktogay, Lepsy, Matai, Saryozek, Shu, Ayaguz, Otar were bulid.
9	1928—1933	Collectivization	I.V.Stalin, Central Executive Committee and Council of People's Commissars of the Republic	On August 27, 1928, the government of Kazakhstan adopted the Decree "On the Confiscation of Bai Farms". 696 of the largest buys were allocated, 145 thousand heads of cattle (translated into large ones) were withdrawn from them. The power policy of settling, and after settling - of involving them in collective farms, was carried out as soon as possible. By February 1932, 87% of collective farms and 51.8% of individual farmers in Kazakhstan had completely lost their livestock. As of January 1, 1933, the region, which was considered a major animal husbandry base in the east of the country, numbered only 4.5 million head of cattle against 40.5 million heads on the eve of collectivization. The power policy of the state, which led to excesses in collective farm construction, met with fierce resistance from the peasantry. In the republic at that time there were about 400 peasant unrest, which in a number of cases resulted in armed conflicts. All of them were suppressed in the most brutal way by regular troops. The most terrible consequence of the criminal adventure of Stalin and Goloshchekin was the famine that broke out in Kazakhstan in 1931-1932, about which they knew from letters from the field. According to historians-demographers, 2.3 million of the Kazakh population (42%) died of hunger and about 1 million people migrated outside of Kazakhstan, including to foreign countries; China, Afghanistan, Iran, Mongolia, Turkey.
10	1928	Peasant uprisings (Suzak, Zhetisu, Aktobe, Kustanay, Kyzyl-Orda, Mangystau uprisings)	Peasantry	The first signs of dissatisfaction with the policy of the authorities in Kazakhstan appeared as early as during the confiscations in 1928, but only with the start of the campaign for total collectivization in a number of regions real uprisings broke out, the main driving force of which was the middle and poor peasantry. The rebels smashed party and Soviet institutions, burned documents. The uprising in Bostandyk district of the Syrdarya region took on a fierce character. On September 27, 1929, residents of the village of Nekem revolted and elected Talib Musabayev as their leader. Very quickly, the uprising spread to the entire region, the number of the detachment reached almost 500 people. Two fierce clashes led to the defeat of the detachment. More than 70 people were killed, many were captured, and only a small group managed to escape. According to the OGPU, in 1929 there were 31 insurgent detachments with a total of 350 people in Kazakhstan, in 1930-1932. - rebel detachments of 2 thousand people, in 1932-1933. - insurgent detachments numbering 3.2 thousand people. In addition, during this period, 2 thousand "hostile groups" with a total number of 10 thousand people were identified in villages and auls, and 10.4 thousand "pests" were arrested.
11	1933	The Letter of Five	G.Musrepov, M.Gataulin. M.Davletgaliyev, E.Altynbekov, K.Kuanyshev	The prominent public figures of Kazakhstan wrote to Goloshchekin about the difficult situation in the republic; G. Musrepov, M. Gataulin, M. Davletgaliev, E. Altynbekov, K. Kuanyshev ("Letter of Five"). They accused Goloshchekin of distorting the general party line on collectivization, destroying the population's incentives to develop livestock, which gave rise to aversion to livestock farming. The performance of the creative intelligentsia was perceived as a nationalist manifestation of Bai sentiments. The authors of the letter were accused of national deviation and defending the interests of the Baystva. They were threatened with expulsion from the party and prosecution.
12	March, 1933	The letter of T.Ryskulov to Stalin about disastrous situation in the steppe	T.Ryskulov, I.V.Stalin	A group of political exiles from Pavlodar, personally Ryskulov, who at that time held the post of deputy, wrote the letter about the famine to Stalin. The letter provides data on the number of Kazakhs outside the republic: Middle Volga - 40 thousand people, Kyrgyzstan - 100 thousand people, Western Siberia - 50 thousand people, Karakalpakstan - 20 thousand people, Central Asia - 30 thousand people. people, nomads even ended up in such remote places as Kalmykia, Tajikistan, the Northern Territory, etc., part of the population migrated to Western China.The letter also provides data on the scale of the tragedies: in 1930, 1,012,500 people lived in the Aktobe region, in 1932, 725,800 people remained. (or 7%); in the Kyzyl-Orda region, 15 - 20% of the population remained in the majority of the village councils; in the Balkhash region (according to the local OPTU) there were 60 thousand people, 12 thousand people migrated away, 32 thousand people died, only 12 thousand people remained. The scale of the tragedy was so great that the famine of 1930-1932 went down in history as the years of the "great jute", the greatest tragedy of the Kazakh people.
13	1930s of XX century	Massive repressions	I.V.Stalin, N.Ezhov, Philip Goloshchekin, Kazakh intelligentsia	Prominent figures of science and culture were repressed - A. Bai-tursynov, A. Bokeikhanov, M. Dulatov, M. Tynyshpayev, M. Zhumabaev, S. Seifullin, I. Zhansugurov, B. Mailin, S. Asfendiyarov and many others. Other representatives of intelligentsia as S. Khodzhanov, U. Isaev, T. Ryskulov, S. Sadvakasov, O. Zhandosov were accused of "national fascism", the crisis in agriculture, ties with Japanese intelligence, espionage. During this period, Zh. Aymautov, A. Baidildin, D. Adilev were shot, the rest were sentenced to various terms of imprisonment. Some of them (M. Dulatov and others) died in the camps, the rest (A. Baitursynov, M. Zhumabaev, etc.), having served their sentences, in 1937 were again brought to justice for participation in the activities of the Alash-Orda and were shot in 1937-1938. Another group of representatives of the national intelligentsia - about 40 people. - was arrested in September-October 1930. Soon 15 of them (M. Tynyshpaev, Zh. Akpaev, Kh. Dosmu-khamedov, Zh. Dosmukhamedov, K. Kemengerov and others) were exiled to the Central Black Earth Region of Russia.
14	1936	The transformation of the KASSR into a union (KazSSR) republic and the adoption of the Constitution of the Kazakh SSR.	Central Executive Committee and Council of People's Commissars of the Republic	At the end of the 1920s and the beginning of the 1930s, as the crisis in the social and economic development of the USSR intensified, the search for the culprits became widespread. n. "Enemies of the people", "saboteurs", subversive anti-Soviet elements and underground organizations. In Kazakhstan, the widespread "exposure" of enemies began, and in such an atmosphere the discussion of the draft of the new Constitution of the USSR took place. It was adopted at the Extraordinary VIII All-Union Congress of Soviets on December 5, 1936. According to the new Constitution, the Kazakh ASSR was transformed into a union republic. The extraordinary X Congress of Soviets of Kazakhstan in March 1937 approved the Constitution of the Kazakh SSR. The new Constitution of the USSR was directly related to the adoption of new republican union constitutions. Moreover, the structure and content of the constitutions of the union republics coincided with the Constitution of the USSR. The sovereignty of the union republics was limited. Each republic retained the right to freely secede from the USSR; the territory of the union republics could not change without their consent.
15	1938-1939	Kazakhstan in the period of the beginning of the II World War	Residents of Kazakhstan, peasants, Sharua	By the beginning of the war, Kazakhstan was already a fairly developed agrarian-industrial republic within the USSR. However, the formation of a powerful industrial base started to form here and an involuntary but powerful impetus to this process was given by the war. In 1938, the Balkhash Copper Smelter began to produce the first products, and in 1940 the construction of the Aktobe Ferroalloy Plant began. The output of products of the Shymkent, Achisai and Leninogorsk plants increased. Electricity production increased. In 1937, the first large thermal power plant, Balkhash CHP, was commissioned. At the same time, the Ul-Binskaya HPP began to work, the construction of the Ust-Kamenogorsk HPP and the Karaganda TPP began. By 1940, the share of industry in the economy of Kazakhstan was 60%. In the late 1930s, the transport network continued to develop. The railways Kartaly-Akmolinsk and Guryev-Kandagach were put into operation, facilitating the export of raw materials from the western and central regions of the republic. Agriculture of the republic is gradually beginning to recover from the crisis. By 1940, the sown area reached 5.8 million hectares, and the livestock of all animal species - almost 3.5 million heads. New branches of the economy appeared, including rice growing, beet growing and cotton growing.