Irrigation

- It has closed-end and side vent. - It eliminates possibilities of puncture of the apical foramen. - Expression of fluid through the lumen creates turbulence around and beyond the end of the probeز

• ProRinse

Evaluated were Becton-Dickinson 22-gauge needles;Monoject endodontic needles, 23 and 27 gauge; ProRinse 25-, 28-, and 30-gauge probes ; CaviEndo ultra- sonic handpiece; and the MicroMega.

• Evaluated were Becton-Dickinson 22-gauge needles;Monoject endodontic needles, 23 and 27 gauge; ProRinse 25-, 28-, and 30-gauge probes ; CaviEndo ultra- sonic handpiece; and the MicroMega.
• ProRinse probes were highly effective in all gauges and in all sizes of canals tested. In canals instrumented to size 30 K file and size 35 K file, the smaller-lumen 27- gauge notch-tip needle was found to be highly effective. The larger 23-gauge notch-tip needle was found to be relatively ineffective, as was the standard 22-gauge beveled needle

• Kahn, Rosenberg et al

• The most important factor is the delivery system and not the irrigating solution per se.
• The volume of the irrigant is more important than the concentration or type of irrigant.
• Walton and Torabinejad

• In order to be effective, the needle delivering the solution must come in close proximity to the material to be removed.”
• Small diameter needles were found to be more effective in reaching adequate depth but were more prone to problems of possible breakage and difficulty in expressing the irrigant from the narrow needles.
• Abou-Rass M (1982)