Iran in World History

Parthenon, 21
Parthian Empire, xii, 29–30, 33
Pasargadae, 17, 103
Patriarchy, 22–23, 37, 116
Pazyryk, 11
Peacock Throne, 81
Peasants, 19, 102
Persepolis, 19, 20, 21, 37; sack of, 24–25; 
2,500-year celebration, 103–104
Persian Empire, 18, 19, 24. 
See also
Achaemenid Empire
Persian Gulf, 78, 80–81, 83
Persian language, xii-xiv, 18, 19, 55, 59, 62, 
64, 81–82, 97; revival of, 56, 58, 60
Persian literature, xi, 65, 70, 71, 104; 
Middle Persian, 56; translations into 
European languages, 84
Persian Soviet Socialist Republic, 95–96
Persians, 9, 11, 12, 14, 17, 26, 33
Philip the Arab, 33–34
Philosophy, 40, 51, 53, 79, 116, 117
Photography, 92
Pigs, 4
Pinikir, 8
Plague, 89
Plato, 18, 40
Plutarch, 29
Poetry, patronage of, 50
Pollution, 120
Polo, 40
Polytheism, 8, 10
Portugal, 73
Portuguese people, 27, 78, 80
Postal system, 19
Pottery, 3, 8, 27

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I n d e x
149
Prostitutes, 97
Protests, 103, 108–109, 119
Proto-Indo-European language, xiii 
Ptolemy I, 25
Ptolemy of Alexandria, 70
Pushtuns, xii, 80, 82, 88. 
See also
Afghans
Pushtunwali
, 82
Qajar. 
See
Ghajar
Qanat
, 5, 19, 26
Qara-khanids, 63, 66
Qara Koyunlu. 
See
Black Sheep dynasty
Qashqa’i tribe. 
See
Ghashgha’i tribe
Qazvin. 
See
Ghazvin
Qizilbash. 
See
Ghezelbash
Qom. 
See
Ghom
Qorrat ol-‘ayn. 
See
Fatemeh Baraghani
Quantum physics, xiv 
Qur’an, 48, 51–52, 123
Radicalism, 104, 106, 112
Rafsanjani, Ali Akbar Hashemi, 115
Raiding, 2, 5, 8, 11, 41, 43, 46–47, 60–61, 
63, 66, 73, 80, 89
Rape, 119–120
Rashid od-din Fazlollah, 67
Rasht, 80
Rastakhiz party, 106
Rationalism, 91, 99
Rayy, 84
Reagan, Ronald, 112, 114
Rebellions, 14, 15, 18, 41, 49–50, 61, 79, 
81, 86, 95–96, 110
Reformism, 87, 90–92, 108
Registan Square, 73
“Regime change,” 100
Resurrection, 13, 20
Revolutionary Guards, 113, 120. 
See also
Islamic Revolution Guard Corps
Reza Shah Pahlavi, 94–98, 100
Reza Pahlavi, 104
Rhazes, 53
Rig Veda
, 2, 3
Rokhshan. 
See
An Lushan
Roman Empire, 35, 36, 37, 40, 42
Romans, 26, 28, 29–30, 32, 33, 38, 39
Rome, xi, 26, 29, 31, 33, 44
Romulus and Remus, 44
Rose Garden
, 68, 84
Rostam, 59
Roxana, 24
Rudaki, 57–58
Ruhani, Hassan, 120
Rumi, Jalal od-din, 65, 67
Rushdie, Salman, 115
Russia, 66, 68, 78, 85, 95, 121
Russian language, xiii 
Russians, 80, 83–85, 87, 93
Ruzbeh. 
See
Ibn Muqaffa‘
Sacrificial rites, 3, 10, 13, 20
Saddam Hussein, 113
Sa‘di, Mosleh od-din, 67–6, 83–84
Safavid Empire, 74–77, 80–81, 83
Sakas, 11–12, 17, 18, 39, 61; women, 24. 
See also
Scythians
Salman Farsi, 46
Samanid dynasty, 56–57, 63
Samarkand, xii, 43, 44, 49, 68, 69, 
70, 73, 88
Sanctions, 115
Sanskrit, 2, 3, 10
Santa Claus, 122
Sarbedars, 107
Sari, 84
Sasanian Empire, xiii, 33, 35–41; conquest 
of, 46–47; Abbasid Empire as 
continuation of, 51
Satanic Verses
(Rushdie), 115
Satrap, 16, 18, 25, 26
SAVAK, 102, 107
Savior, 13
Scythians, 11. 
See also
Sakas
Sebuktegin, 62–63
Seleucid dynasty, 25, 26, 29
Selim I, 75
Seljuks, 63–64, 66, 69
Semitic languages, xiii, 18