|
Conclusions
Modal Verbs unlike other verbs. They do not denote actions or states, but only show the attitude of the speaker towards the actions expressed by the infinitive is combination with which they form compound modal predicates. These Modal Verbs may show that the action (or state, of process, or quality) is viewed by the speaker as possible, obligatory, doubtful, certain, permissible, advisable, requested, prohibited, order etc. Modal Verbs occur only with the infinitive. This or that meaning is to a great degree determined by communicative type of the sentence and the form of the infinitive. It is important to realize that the Modal Verbs have no meaning by themselves.
And also the translator should know the peculiarities of the usage of the Modal Verbs. They proper translation to avoid misunderstanding in the procrss of translation.
In the process of writing the author formulated few basic grammatical rules applying to Modal Verbs:
All Modal Verbs are never used with other auxiliary verbs such as do, does, did etc. The negative is formed simply by adding “not” after the verb; questions are formed by inversion of the verb subject.
Modal Verbs never change form: you can never add an “-s” or “-ed”.
Modal Verbs are never followed by to, with the exception of ought to.
Modal Verbs are used in conversation. In the past it is possible to find them only in reported speech. The only exceptions are the Past Tense forms could, would, had, was and might which maybe used not only in conversations but also in narration.
Modal Verbs used in different business and technical documentation often have the ambiguous meaning that requires the great attention from the translation to translate the documents exactly not confusing the meaning of the Modal Verbs.
CONCLUSIONS
The problem of modality as a whole is very difficult. There are various means of expressing modality — modal words, modal verbs and the category of mood. Since two of them or even all three may be used simultaneously, it is evident that there may be several layers of modality in a sentence. A great variety of combinations is possible here.
Modality expresses the speaker’s attitude to the propositional content of a statement.
In our work we considered theoretical grounds of modality, particularly the types of modality. The following main kinds of modality were ascertained: epistemic, deontic, dynamic and evidential modality.
Lexico-grammatical, lexical and grammatical means of modality conveying were displayed in the process of the work. The research provided the possibility to specify the ways of expressing modality in English by means of different parts of speech: verbs, adverbs, nouns, adjectives.
Modal verbs and modal words as means of modality expressing in Modern English were studied in the practical part of the work.
Human thinking appears as a result of the world perception and it is closely connected with language – the primary means of its expression. The category of modality is the category of language and presents in itself the judgment concerning the reality or the statement related to the ties and phenomena of the reality. In general, modality can be defined as the speaker’s attitude to the content of his statement and the relation of the content of the statement to the reality.
Modality – is a multifold phenomenon, and therefore in the linguistic literature we can find different thoughts concerning the essence of this phenomenon. Modality (from Latin modus – measure, method, shape) in different object domains is a category which characterizes modus operandi or an attitude toward the action.
The majority of scientists (A. Kratzer, F.R. Palmer) consider that there are six main types of modality, six senses in which the various categories of modality may be understood. Within each type, all the categories occur, but with other meanings than in the other types. The categories have similar interrelationships and properties within each type. These uniformities allow us to abstract them, but ultimately each type needs to be considered separately. The interactions between types must also be analyzed.
Modality is a category of linguistic meaning having to do with the expression of possibility and necessity. This phenomenon is a grammatical-semantic category, which expresses the speaker’s attitude towards the expression, his evaluation of the attitude input towards objective reality. As it is well known, it becomes traditional to divide modality into two types: objective modality and subjective modality. This approach was based on the principles of work Russian scholar V. Z. Panfilov. In this case, objective modality is an attitude of the expression towards reality (reality or unreality, possibility or impossibility, necessity or probability etc.) and subjective modality is the expression of speaker’s attitude towards the utterance. In West-European linguistics Sh.Ballie’s conception of modality was widely spread. In his opinion, in any utterance/expression we can single out basic content (dictum) and modal part (modus), in which is expressed intellectual, emotional and volitional consideration of the speaker concerning dictum. He distinguishes explicite and implicit modus. The main form of expression of the explicite modus is the main clause consisting of compound sentence with object clause. Thus, in Sh.Ballie’s interpretation modality is presented as syntactic category, in the expression of which the modal verbs play the main role.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1.Блох М. Я. Теоретическая грамматика английского языка: Учебник. Для студентов филол. фак. ун-тов и фак. англ. яз. педвузов. — М.: Высш. школа, 1983.— с. 383
2. Верба Г. В. Грамматика современного английского языка. – К: Логос, 2001. - 368 с.
3. Виноградов В.В. О категории модальности и модальных словах в русском языке // Труды Института русского языка. М., 1950.
4. Золотова Г. А., Онипенко Н. К., Сидорова М. Ю. Коммуникативная грамматика русского языка. – М., 1998.
5. Н.А. Кобрина, Е.А. Кронеева, М.И. Оссовская, К.А. Гузеева. “Грамматика английского языуа: Морфология и синтаксис”, “СОЮЗ”, Санкт – Петербург, 1999 г.
6. И.П. Крылова, Е.М. Гордон “Modality in Modern English”, “Лист Нью”, Москва 2002 г.
7. Корунець І. В. Порівняльна типологія англійської та української мов. Навчальний посібник. – Вінниця: Нова Книга, 2003 - 464 с.
8. Мороховская, Э.Я. Практикум по теоретической грамматике / Э.Я. Мороховская. - Ленинград: Просвещение, 1973.
9. Хоменко Е. Г., Граматика англійської мови = A grammar of English language: навчальний посібник. – Київ : Знання – Прес, 2007. – 606 с.
10. Bernard O'Dwyer (2006) Modern English Structures: Form, Function, And Position. Broadview Press. – 296 p.
11. Bybee Joan, William Pagliuca, and Revere D. Perkins (1994) The evolution of grammar: tense, aspect and modality in the languages of the world. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
12. Ilyish B.A. The Structure of modern English. – L.: Prosveschenie, 1971.
13. Heine, Bernd, Ulrike Claudi, and Friderike Hunnemeyer (1991) Grammaticalization: A conceptual framework. Chicago: Chicago University Press.
14. Kai von Fintel (2006) Modality and language. In Donald M. Borchert (ed.), Encyclopedia of philosophy – second edition. Detroit: MacMillan Reference USA.
15. Krylova I.P., Gordon E.M. A Grammar of Present Day English. – Moscow, 2001.
16. Palmer F.R. (2001) Mood and modality. Cambridge University Press. – 236 p.
17. Panfilov V. Z. (1968) Grammar and Logic. Paris, Mouton.
18. Raphael Salkie, Pierre Busuttil, Johan van der Auwera (2009) Modality in English: theory and description. Walter de Gruyter. – 384 p.
19. Roberta Facchinetti, Manfred G. Krug, Frank Robert Palmer (2003) Modality in contemporary English. Walter de Gruyter. – 396 p.
20. Stephan Gramley, Kurt-Michael Pätzold (2003) A survey of modern English. – 397 p.
21. Von Wright, George (1951) An Essay in Modern Logic. Amsterdam: North Holland.
Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
