3.1.4
Flexibility Features
Satellite communication networks offer a variety of benefits to the system engineer
and the user alike. The following paragraphs summarize several of those benefits
and put them in context of the overall advantages of the medium introduced in
Chapter 1.
3.1.4.1
Implementation of Satellite Networks
Installation of a fiber optic cable system requires first that the right-of-way be
secured from organizations such as governments, utility companies, and railroads.
Hundreds or even thousands of sites must be provided with shelter and power
(and even access roads in the case of terrestrial microwave). After the entire system
has been installed and tested, all the equipment must be maintained to ensure
continuous service. Still, one outage along the route probably will put the entire
chain out of service until a crew and equipment can arrive on the scene to effect
repair. When the primary high-capacity fiber optic cable is cut, it can be devastating
to the communications of a major city or industrial site. The way around that is
3.1
General Features of Satellite Networks
79
to add redundant links, which can be costly in terms of capital and maintenance
expenses.
In contrast, the time to install an Earth station network is relatively short,
particularly if the sites are close to where service is provided. In the past, implemen-
tation times from Earth stations were lengthened not because of site construction
but rather because electronic equipment had to be special-ordered and then manu-
factured. The low production volumes (because satellite communications require
less equipment in general than terrestrial) discouraged manufacturers from mass
producing standardized equipment and holding inventory for future sales. In today’s
larger and more competitive Earth station equipment market, higher manufacturing
volumes along with the greater use of standardized digital systems have allowed
equipment suppliers to reduce cost and maintain on-the-shelf inventory. The time
to implement satellite networks and add stations has been reduced from 1–2 years
down to a few months or even weeks.
3.1.4.2
Expansion of the Network
With a proper network architecture, new Earth stations can be added without
affecting the existing stations. Increasing the number of receive-only Earth stations
(e.g., DTH receivers) is particularly easy and economical because operation of
existing stations is not affected.
Dealing with two-way communication Earth stations is a bit more complicated
because some setup and coordination are needed to expand an operating network.
To add an Earth station to an old analog point-to-point network would require
dismantling the equipment at each old station to be linked with the new station.
That major drawback of the older systems has been eliminated with programmable
digital technology. These more flexible digital approaches, described later in this
chapter, can be assumned in virtually every application involving two-way commu-
nications. VSATs and multimedia terminals are designed for easy introduction into
a working network, which is vital when one considers how large such networks
have become.
3.1.4.3
Simplification of Network Routing
Many corporations and government agencies operate private backbone networks
for use in enterprisewide information processing and dissemination. Client/server
networks and corporate intranets are popular, representing a large commitment
in financial and human terms. Such networks are extended to temporary sites,
including drilling platforms, ships, and aircraft. Once a major public network has
been modernized, it can be expanded or modified by running new local cable loops
and by making appropriate wiring changes in the telephone offices. However, time
delays of many weeks to months are still involved, beginning from the moment
when a user submits a significant service order. The public telecommunication
service provider (common carrier) often must perform some network engineering,
install equipment if necessary, make the required wiring changes, and then test the
resulting circuits for proper operation. If the circuit or circuits cross the boundaries
between the terrestrial networks of different common carriers, the process must
80
Satellite Network Architectures
be run simultaneously between the various organizations and coordination between
them handled in some manner. (The reliability aspects of this particular problem
are discussed in Section 3.1.5.)
After AT&T divested its local telephone company operations in 1984, it began
to concentrate on long-distance service. A nationwide network of a corporation
like General Motors was forced to traverse the network of all of independent
regional companies, along with the long-distance networks of AT&T, MCI and
US Sprint. That made life both complicated and difficult, as there no longer was
one service provider to deal with. The consolidations of AT&T and Verizon have
not substantially altered this aspect of corporate network architecture. A similar
situation exists in developed regions of Europe and East Asia.
In a modern satellite network, only the end connections are involved because
the satellite itself provides all the intermediate transfer or routing. Unlike terrestrial
networks that must deliver multipoint connectivity by extending terrestrial links
to each and every point to be served, the satellite network reaches all points within
a common footprint. There are terrestrial radio techniques that mimic a point-
to-multipoint satellite network by placing broadcast transmitters on towers or
mountaintops. AM and FM radio and TV work on a point-to-multipoint basis,
and cellular mobile telephone is an excellent multipoint-to-point system. However,
all such terrestrial techniques are severely restricted as to range because of line-of-
sight radio propagation. To extend well beyond that geographical limitation, point-
to-point links must be established between the radio towers to chain the broadcast
or cellular stations together. Until that is accomplished on a uniform basis, the
satellite network remains the most practical means of having a unified approach.
3.1.4.4
Introduction of New Services
Expansion of a satellite network can add new services ahead of terrestrial means.
Perhaps the clearest example is the long-distance transmission of full motion color
television, which could not be carried over the first generation of analog trans-
oceanic telephone cables. It was not until the advent of terrestrial microwave
radio in North America that coast-to-coast TV transmission was possible. Satellite
repeaters in the FSS have sufficient bandwidth to carry several TV channels, along
with an array of voice and data traffic. The telephone local loops, which bring
voice and data services into the office and home, are still limited in their capacity.
A family of multiplexing technologies called digital subscriber line (DSL) addresses
this shortcoming. Home cable television is enhanced with two-way interactive
services. WiFi and WiMAX standards likewise offer a local wireless broadband
capability in suburban and rural towns. Any and all of those services can be
included in or added to networks of small Earth stations, particularly the VSAT
operating at Ku- and Ka-bands.
A given satellite network can achieve all three connectivities individually or
simultaneously, while a terrestrial network usually is restricted to a point-to-point
capability. It is not uncommon for a user to implement a point-to-point satellite
network (see Figure 3.1) involving 10 to 50 Earth stations and then add a broadcast
capability to extend the network to hundreds or even thousands of receiving points.
Any one of the point-to-point stations could then be used as an uplink site to
3.1
General Features of Satellite Networks
81
broadcast digital information or video programming (see Figure 3.2) on a full-time
or occasional basis. The multipoint-to-point capability (see Figure 3.3) can be
installed in the future by adding a transmit ‘‘retrofit’’ package to many of the
smaller receive-only stations.
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