Figure 3.5
An illustration of the principle of statistical multiplexing, demonstrating how total
channel bandwidth is reduced.
3.1
General Features of Satellite Networks
75
discussed in Section 3.1.2. Asynchronous transfers mode (ATM), an international
standard for cell switching, is used in applications where dynamic bandwidth
allocation provides significant improvement over static approaches.
Non-GEO systems are not easily applied to dedicated bandwidth services
because the link is interrupted each time a new satellite must be acquired by the
Earth station. Communication must be handed off to another beam or satellite
without loss of connection. That forces the non-GEO operator to employ one of
the other transmission modes to be discussed in the following paragraphs.
3.1.2
Circuit-Switched Services
Many communication applications are active only when a user has actual need for
service. A common example of that is the cellular telephone network, which gives
a CBR type of service but only for the limited duration of a call. Other CBR
applications, like video teleconferencing and image transfer, can employ circuit-
switched service. Users like this type of service because they pay for only what
they need. While network capacity is only provided on demand, each end of the
circuit needs a dedicated termination facility so calls can be made and accepted
on demand. The common telephone and the local loop to the local telephone
exchange are examples of such a termination facility. For video teleconferencing,
the termination facility might consist of television cameras, video compression
equipment, and a special type of Earth station that can access the satellite directly.
A circuit-switched connection can be established using dedicated bandwidth
with a constant bit rate; alternatively, the logical equivalent of a dedicated connec-
tion can be produced using a variable bandwidth service like packet switching.
The latter is referred to as a
virtual circuit
because the end points and their applica-
tions are defined for the connection and that relationship is not physical (as if by
hard electrical connections) but rather remembered by the network for the duration
of the ‘‘call.’’ The virtual circuit medium is very common in packet switching
for persistent on-demand communications needed for Voice over IP (VoIP) and
downloading files and Web pages. While the end points are defined in a virtual
circuit, the path that the data travels need not be specified or even used consistently
for all of the packets that comprise the information.
Figure 3.6 is called a
ladder diagram,
used to illustrate the basic approach to
establish and release a circuit. In a telephone network, the user makes a request
for service by lifting the telephone receiver (going ‘‘off hook’’); the network detects
that state and responds by providing a dial tone. After the user has entered the
destination by dialing digits, the network takes a number of steps to make a
connection between the user and the ultimate destination (i.e., another user): the
distant user is notified of the incoming call by a ringing signal; the connection is
established when the party on the distant end goes off hook, allowing both ends
to communicate normally. When the need for service ends, one of the users signals
that situtation by hanging up (going ‘‘on hook’’), which then deactivates the connec-
tion and deallocates the capacity. In a typical commercial telephone network, many
other details must be addressed properly. For that to happen, the network requires
a distributed computer intelligence to be able to recognize the request, to track
and control available capacity, to signal the initiating and accepting ends of the
76
Satellite Network Architectures
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