Introduction to Satellite Communication 3rd Edition

See also
Multiple access
Demand assignment multiple access
COMMAND and EXECUTE signals,
(DAMA), 48
284–85
Demod-remod repeaters, 215–16
Command uplink, 197
Demodulators, 306
Common air interface (CAI), 19
Deployments, 345–46
Communications
Diffraction loss, 130
backbone, 373–74
Digital audio radio service (DARS), 64
link availability, 81
Digital baseband signals, 151–65
payload, 195
A/D conversion, 156–58
See also
Satellite communication
bandwidth requirements, 153–55
Communications Technology Satellite
compression, 158–59
(CTS), 55
encryption, 164–65
Complementary ground component
error detection/correction, 159–62
(CGC), 106
information sources, 153–55
Compression, 158–59
scrambling, 163–64
lossless, 158
Digital communication/processing
lossy, 159
technologies, 12
Computer-aided design (CAD), 228
Digital Encryption Standard (DES), 165
COMSAT, 41–42
Digital information broadcasting, 64–66
Conical horns, 238
Digital modulation, 165–72
Connectivity, 69
Digital processing repeaters, 208–16
multipoint-to-point, 71
Digital signal impairments, 183–85
point-to-multipoint, 70, 71
Digital signal processing (DSP), 144
point-to-point, 70–71
Digital subscriber line (DSL), 80, 89
Constant bit rate (CBR), 72
Digital video broadcasting (DVB)
Content distribution networks (CDNs),
standard, 96
97–99
Direct broadcast satellite (DBS), 56
defined, 97
Directivity, antenna, 115–16
satellite-based applications, 97
Direct radiating array antennas, 255–56
uses, 99
Direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS),
Corrugated horns, 241
179
Cryogenic propellants, 350
Direct-to-home (DTH), 60–62, 96–97
C switch, 222
Cyclic redundancy check (CRC), 87
companies, 61–62

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434
Index
Direct-to-home (DTH) (continued)
FDMA digital communication service,
322–24
development, 61
figure of merit, 296–97
Ku-band, 97
IF and baseband equipment, 306–7
satellite broadcasters, 6
location and platform requirements,
satellite broadcasting network
297–99
illustration, 98
monitoring and control (M&C)
Direct-to-home TVRO, 333–34
functions, 294
Discrete Fourier transform (DFT), 214
MSS user terminals, 334–36
Distortion
performance requirements, 294–99
AM/PM, 207
portable Ku-band, 298
C-band transponder, 184
radio frequency equipment, 299–305
channel group delay, 207
receive G/T, 295–97
Domestic systems, 51–60
receive-only (RO), 88
Africa, 60
RF terminal, 291, 292–93, 294
Canada, 51–52
shipboard, 298
India, 58
tail connections, 293
Indonesia, 54–55
tail links, 306–10
Japan, 56–58
TDMA, 324–26
Latin America, 59–60
teleport, 411–12
Middle East, 58–59
terrestrial network interfaces, 310–11
U.S., 52–53
transmit EIRP, 294–95
Downconverters, 304
troop carrier, 299
Downlink C/I, 192
TT&C ground facilities, 314
Drift orbit, 343–44
TV receive-only design, 330–34
illustrated, 344
TV uplinks and broadcast centers,
RFI in, 344
319–22
VSAT star, 326–30
E
Echo canceler, 84
Early Bird, 43
EchoStar Ka, 66
Earth station economics, 407–12
Economics
annual costs, 410–11
Earth station, 407–12
baseband equipment, 409–10
network, 412–19
evaluation, 407
space segment, 398–407
investment cost elements, 408–10
system principles, 393–95
monitor and control, 410
unknown factors, 394
RF terminal, 408–9
Effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP),
terrestrial interface and tail, 410
199–203
See also
Economics
C-band performance, 200
Earth stations, 171–78, 291–336
coverage, 200
antennas, 129, 300–302
defined, 199–200
block diagram, 292
Ku-band coverage, 201
building facilities, 293
patterns, 202
classes of, 313–36
peak values, 203
configuration, 291–94
transmit, 199, 294–95
elements, 291, 292
Electrically heated thruster (EHT), 277
Electrical power bus, 271–73
facility design, 311–13

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Index
435
Electrical power conditioner (EPC), 229
UHF, 26–27
uplink, 25
Electric propulsion, 278
V, 35–36
Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC), 189
VHF, 26–27
Electromagnetic diffraction, 32
X, 31–35
Electronics maintenance, 385
Frequency division multiple access
Electrostatic discharge (ESD), 273–74
(FDMA), 105, 173–75
Encoding, 135–36
carriers, 174
Encryption, 164–65
combination, 175
Equipment operations/maintenance, 406
complexity, 323
Error detection/correction, 159–62
digital communications service,
European Space Agency (ESA), 36, 50
322–24
EUTELSAT, 50
Earth station, 322–24
F
efficiency, 173
nonlinearity action on, 187
Facilities/mechanical equipment
principle, 173
maintenance, 386
SCPC, 175
Faraday effect, 130
service optimization, 174
Far-field region, 113
transponder, 173
Federal Communications Commission
transponder resource sharing, 182
(FCC) Open Skies policy, 53
See also
Multiple access
Fiber optics, 309, 420
Frequency hopping, 177
Fiber-to-the-home (FTTH), 94
Frequency hopping spread spectrum
Field effect transistors (FETs), 140
(FHSS), 179
Fixed satellite service (FSS), 17
Frequency reuse, 198–99
Ku-band for, 33–34
Frequency shift keying (FSK), 169
service evaluation matrix, 392
Frequency spectrum allocation, 22–38
systems engineering, 392–93
ITU, 24–26
Focus-fed parabolic reflector antenna,
regions, 26
245
Frequency translation
efficiency, 246
concept, 206
geometry, 247
effects, 206–7
Forward error correction (FEC), 87, 136,
oscillator, 206–7
144
Fuel allocation, 346–49
code classes, 160
currently-available, 160
G
decoding, 140
GaAsFET, 233, 234
Free-space loss, 124–25
Gain
Frequency bands
antenna, 115–16
C, 31–35, 46, 184
performance, 267
defined, 22
slope, 207
Ka, 35–36, 232, 235, 242
Gain-to-noise temperature ratio (G/T),
Ku, 31–35, 92, 147–48, 298–99
203–4
L, 27–30, 242, 248, 335
defined, 295–96
microwave, 27–35
Earth station, 295–97
millimeter wave, 35–36
performance of small antennas, 297
Q, 35–36
receive, 295–97
spacecraft, 203–4
S, 27–30

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436
Index
Gaussian MSK (GMSK), 189
Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
(HVAC), 386
Gen*Star payload, 215, 216
High electron mobility transistors
GEO apogee, 339
(HEMTs), 140
GEO mobile services, 13
Highly elliptical inclined orbit (HEO),
GEO satellites, 342
101–3
arc utilization, 29
High-power amplifiers (HPAs), 137–39,
control, 369
302–4
defined, 1–2
connections, 312
deployment and in-orbit testing,
location, 312
345–46
output power, 303, 321
drift orbit, 343–44
power versus antenna diameter, 303
end of life, 349
standby, 321
key dimension, 3
Horn antennas, 237–43
launch mission, 338
conical, 238
mission profile, 257–58
corrugated, 241
orbits, 2–3, 22
geometries, 239
orbits, parameter corrections, 346
global coverage, patterns, 240
ownership and operation, 5
mandrel, 239
retirement, 16
pyramidal, 238
SES Astra, 9
use of, 239
stationkeeping fuel, 347
See also
Antennas
voice communication over, 83
Human resources, 382–87
See also
Satellites
challenges, 382–83
Geostationary Earth orbit.
See
GEO
facilities and mechanical equipment
satellites
maintenance, 386
Geostationary transfer orbit (GTO),
functions, 384–86
342–43, 403
information systems and software
Global Positioning Satellite (GPS) system,
maintenance, 385
30
operations management, 384
Globalstar, 30, 100, 101, 259–60
orbital dynamics, 384–85
Ground commanding reflector alignment
organization, 383
mechanism, 266
RF and baseband electronics
Ground segment, 17–20
maintenance, 385
defined, 17
satellite control, 384
Earth stations, 17–18
spacecraft engineering, 384
facilities, 18–19
telecommunications network
optimizing, 418–19
management, 385–86
risks, 395
training and development, 386–87
See also
Satellite system
Hybrid satellites, 45–46
GYROSTAT, 44