Figure 7.8
The basic configuration of a waveguide lens antenna.
7.2
Reflector Antennas
The simplest and most effective antenna system for a conventional FSS and BSS
satellite employs reflectors and feed systems. That is evident from looking at the
typical GEO satellite, such as that shown in Figure 7.9, with its reflectors being
among the most obvious physical appendages. The feed system normally consists
of one or more horn-type radiators. In the transmit mode, microwave energy enters
the feedhorn from a waveguide that carries the output of the repeater. The feedhorn
244
Spacecraft Antennas
Figure 7.9
The general arrangement of a three-axis spacecraft with two offset parabolic reflector
antennas. A subreflector attached to the front of the body extends the focal length
(referred to as Gregorian optics).
radiates microwave energy from the focus of the parabolic reflector into space in
the direction of the reflector (or subreflector, as the case might be).
A nice feature of such passive antenna designs is that a single reflector with
feed can function for transmitting, receiving, or both simultaneously. This property,
called reciprocity, was mentioned in Chapter 4. It is an interesting curiosity of
history that this property was discovered by Hertz in 1888, well ahead of any
knowledge of microwave propagation and only when the famous genius was experi-
menting with spark-gap transmitters and diode detectors. Much of the real work
on microwave antennas, particularly that using reflectors, was carried out in the
west during World War II. The results of that vital research are available in a
classic text [2], which remains a good reference on microwave antennas.
Two typical antenna geometries using parabolic reflectors are shown in Figure
7.10. The center-fed parabola is circularly symmetric with the feed located at the
focus, while the offset reflector parabola allows the feed to be placed below the
line of transmission. The reflector surface is formed by taking a parabola and
rotating it about a line drawn from the focus to the center of the parabola (forming
a segment of a parabaloid). For the offset case, the required surface is cut from
one side of the parabaloid (see Figure 7.17 later in this chapter for an example.)
This type of antenna continues to be popular for spacecraft and ground applications
because it is straightforward to design and build. Also, extremely cheap versions,
which are still effective, have been produced for DTH reception around the world.
The spacecraft version is not cheap because of the need to use lightweight materials
for the reflector and support structure. They must be rigid to hold the beam
properly and must not undergo significant changes in dimensions under the varying
temperatures of space. In many cases, the reflectors must be stowed for launch
and then reliably deployed in space prior to start of operation.
The size of the reflector is dictated by the required gain, as discussed in Chapter
4. Beamwidth, which is equally important in payload performance, varies inversely
7.2
Reflector Antennas
245
Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |