Figure 7.1
A common type of horn antenna called the pyramidal horn. The opening is wider than
the waveguide to increase gain and to match the impedance of the waveguide (
∼
400
⍀
)
to free space (377
⍀
).
7.1
Horn Antennas
239
Figure 7.2
A selection of various microwave horn geometries.
that another type of horn, called the corrugated horn, intentionally generates higher
order modes to improve pattern and isolation performance.) Either type of horn
can be machined (‘‘hogged’’) out of a solid block of copper or aluminum or
assembled from flat stock using welding techniques. The latter method is somewhat
prone to higher loss and the possible generation of passive intermodulation (PIM)
products, discussed later in this chapter. Another concern relates to high-power
transmit service, as on a DBS satellite. Imperfections and sharp edges inside a
high-power OMUX or transmit horn can generate multipaction, a form of high-
temperature arcing of waveguide internal structure that occurs in vacuum.
More precise horn geometry and quality can be obtained through the process
of electroforming, which, by its nature, is considerably more costly and time-
consuming than the previously described methods. In electroforming, the horn is
electroplated onto a reverse mold, called a mandrel. The mandrel metal material
has a lower melting point than the electroplating. After the horn is electroplated
and the exterior machined to the desired shape, the interior mandrel simply is
melted out. The resulting horn is as physically perfect as one can produce, based
on the tolerances used in machining the mandrel itself.
Horn antennas are used extensively on commercial satellites. An early example
is the Earth (global) coverage horn, requiring a beamwidth of approximately 17
degrees. The horn produces maximum power toward the subsatellite point and
tapers downward to become about 3 dB below the peak at the edge of the Earth.
An example of such a coverage pattern is shown in Figure 7.3, in which the upper
(wide) curve applies for
±
10 degrees (the upper degree scale on the X-axis) and
the lower (sharp) curve applies for
±
60 degrees (the lower degree scale). Antennas
of this type are limited because the peak gain is only about 20 dB, resulting in
relatively low G/T and EIRP performance.
The most common use of the horn is as a radiating element for a reflector type
of antenna. (Section 7.2 reviews some of the design and performance aspects of
240
Spacecraft Antennas
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