Figure 6.3
Functional diagram of an independent microwave repeater station for use in space.
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Spacecraft and Repeater
sequence, the T&C link provides the only means to locate the satellite in its initial
orbit, transfer it to its final operating orbit, and configure it for service.
The repeater generates heat, much like an operating TV set or microwave oven.
If not removed from the electronics, the heat will cause the temperature to rise
sufficiently to affect or even damage the sensitive parts of the spacecraft, particularly
the repeater electronics. The visible and invisible radiation from the sun also tends
to raise the temperature of the spacecraft, while undesirable low temperatures can
occur during eclipse and on darkened sides of the spacecraft at other times. There-
fore, the flow of heat within from and to the spacecraft must be monitored and
controlled. Another function of the spacecraft is to provide a stable plateform
throughout the life of the satellite, including sustaining the rigors of launch. Precise
pointing of the coverage beam or beams, critical to the purpose of the satellite,
depends on the stability of the attitude control system, which is integral to the
spacecraft bus. The spacecraft also has small rocket engines as part of a propulsion
system that is used to reach and maintain the proper orbit.
6.1.1
Overall Payload Requirements
The requirements for the payload effectively dictate the requirements for the satellite
as well. For that reason, anyone who specifies the key aspects of the communication
mission must be familiar with the overall performance of the satellite throughout
its operating lifetime. We typically break the requirements into those for the repeater
and those for the antenna system. Both depend heavily on the types of communica-
tion services that the satellite will provide. That is obvious because the payload is
often the central element in the overall communication network.
We typically start with a basic description of the overall system of satellites
and Earth stations, along with the type of multiple access to be used. Then we
move to the subject of the link budget, where the key performance parameters of
all space and ground segments must be specified. It is the responsibility of the
satellite system engineer to allocate those requirements to the elements, most notably
to the payload. The initial discussion centers on the simplified payload block
diagram shown in Figure 6.4, which is for a classical bent-pipe repeater of up to
about 16 transponders per polarization or beam. This bent-pipe repeater, which
relays the uplink carriers to the downlink with only a change in frequency and
power, handles several broadband channels and includes extra equipment to restore
onboard equipment failures. Several important steps are taken in its design because
of the need to minimize weight and power and to operate the repeater for 15 years
or more without hands-on maintenance (corrective action by ground personnel is
still possible over the T&C link). In Figure 6.4, all uplink signals are first amplified
and then translated in frequency from the uplink band to the downlink band within
a wideband receiver. Typical receivers have an operating bandwidth of 500 MHz,
which is sufficient to handle the 12 channels of 36 MHz each in this example (see
Figure 6.8).
Communications satellites often reuse frequencies to increase the total effective
spectrum by a multiple of two or more. Satellites that offer broad coverage in a
single beam may double the effective spectrum by using two independent polariza-
tions: either vertical and horizontal linear polarization, or left-hand and right-hand
6.1
Overview of Communications Spacecraft
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