Introduction to Health and Safety at Work

4.2
Defi nition of a health and safety culture 
49
4.3
Safety culture and safety performance 
50
4.4
Human factors and their infl uence on safety performance 
51
4.5
Human errors and violations 
56
4.6
The development of a positive health and safety culture 
58
4.7
Effective 
communication 
60
4.8
Health and safety training 
60
4.9
Internal 
infl uences 
62
4.10
External 
infl uences 
63
4.11
Practice NEBOSH questions for Chapter 4 
65
5 RISK 
ASSESSMENT 
67
5.1
Introduction 
67
5.2
Legal aspects of risk assessment 
67
5.3
Forms of risk assessment 
68
5.4
Some 
defi nitions 
68
5.5
The objectives of risk assessment 
70
5.6
Accident 
categories 
70
5.7
Health 
risks 
70
5.8
The management of risk assessment 
70
5.9
The risk assessment process 
71
5.10
Special 
cases 
73
5.11
Practice NEBOSH questions for Chapter 5 
75
Appendix 5.1 – Hazard checklist 
77
Appendix 5.2 – Example of a risk assessment record 
78
6 PRINCIPLES 
OF 
CONTROL 
80
6.1
Introduction 
80
6.2
Principles of prevention 
80
6.3
Hierarchy of risk control 
81
6.4
Controlling health risks 
84
6.5
Safe systems of work 
86
6.6
Lone 
workers 
89
6.7
Permits to work 
89
6.8
Emergency 
procedures 
92
6.9
First aid at work 
94
6.10
Practice NEBOSH questions for Chapter 6 
97
Appendix 6.1 – Fire notice 
99
Appendix 6.2 – Job safety analysis form 
100
Appendix 6.3 – Essential elements of a permit-to-work form 
101
7 
MONITORING, REVIEW AND AUDIT 
102
7.1
Introduction 
102
7.2
The traditional approach to measuring health and safety performance 
102
7.3
Why measure performance? 
103
Contents
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7.4
What to measure 
104
7.5
Measuring failure – reactive monitoring 
105
7.6
Active monitoring – how to measure performance 
105
7.7
Who should monitor performance? 
107
7.8
Frequency of monitoring and inspections 
107
7.9
Report 
writing 
107
7.10
Review and audit 
109
7.11
Practice NEBOSH questions for Chapter 7 
111
Appendix 7.1 – Workplace inspection exercises 
112
Appendix 7.2 – Basic checklist of items to be covered in an area inspection 
114
8 INCIDENT AND ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION AND REPORTING 
116
8.1
Introduction 
116
8.2
Reasons for incident/accident investigation 
117
8.3
Which incidents/accidents should be investigated? 
118
8.4
Investigations and causes of incidents 
118
8.5
Legal recording and reporting requirements 
121
8.6
Internal systems for collecting and analysing incident data 
123