Introduction chapter I theoretical review

Operational Definition of Variable

John W. Creswell stated that a variable is a feature or attribute of things that (a) researchers can measure or observe and (b) varies among things studied. There are two variables in this research, consist of using audio lingual and students listening comprehension. The operational definition of variables in this research as follows:

1. Independent Variables

According to Evelyn Hatch, "The independent variable is the major variable which you hope to investigate. It 1s the variable which is selected, manipulated, and measured by the researcher.⁴⁴

An independent variable is an attribute or characteristic that infuences or affects an outcome or dependent variable. The arrows show how the independent variable influences the dependent variable through the intervening variable. " In this research, independent variable is partial dictation.

The research uses the quantitative research, which pre-test and post-test design. In this design, the pre-test and post-test intended to

investigate whether using Audio-lingual method can be used to influence students listening comprehension significant.

This variable would be measured by giving pre-test and post-test. Pretest and posttest instruments consist of 10 questions in form of essay. Question with the range score 0 - 100.

When the students can answer the entire question correctly they would get 100 score, and when the students cannot answer the entire question correctly they would get 0 score. The alternatives provides include essay.The time to the test is 30 minutes.

Some indicators that indicate the students are able to achieve the goals in listening comprehension by using partial dictation, as follows:

1. 
   Language learners are able to comprehend the foreign language when it 1s spoken at normal speed and concerned with ordinarymatters.
   
2. 
   Language learners are able to speak in acceptable pronunciation and grammatical correctness,
   
3. 
   Language learners have no difficulties in comprehending printed materials.
   
4. 
   Language learners are able to Write with acceptable standards of Correctness on topics within their experience.⁴⁵
   

By this measurement, the researcher would know the user performance in applying audio lingual to learn listening comprehension activity at the eight grade of smp purnama trimurjo.

2.