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1.2. Spheres of functioning of fictional languages
In the modern world, fictional languages have a wide range of uses: they are used by authors of science fiction literature, they are spoken by fictional peoples in films, they are an integral part of virtual fantasy worlds in computer games. Moreover, many people, dissatisfied with the modern regulated and standardized world, find their creative potential in linguistic construction . Linguistic construction , in this case, having signs of a game, contributes to the psychological comfort of the individual, communication with like-minded people, and the development of imagination.
1.2.1. Fictional languages in film
Cinematography is the embodiment of people's fantasies and desires, so directors, screenwriters and other filmmakers day by day create new fantasy worlds that immerse viewers in an alternative parallel reality. Such imaginary worlds are inhabited by an imaginary people, who in turn need their own imaginary language. The creation of new languages, something that for many viewers remains invisible, is given by the colossal work of linguists and philologists. Thanks to fictional languages, the fantastic worlds of films become more believable, take on the appearance of a real, and not a fictional world with its own culture, history and traditions. The movement of movie fans is gaining more and more popularity: this is expressed in the desire of especially interested viewers to copy the costumes of movie characters, their hairstyles, manners, and most importantly, language.
Among the most famous fictional languages are Klingon , divine, Na'vi , Atlantean , Minyon .
Klingon language was used by humanoid warriors living on the planet Khonosh in the fictional universe of Star Trek (1979).
d.) and is considered one of the oldest, but at the same time the most famous and widespread, among fictional languages. The Klingon language was created and developed by order of the Paramount film company. Studios by linguist Mark Okrand , who combined the grammar and phonetics of Sanskrit and the Mutsun language (the language of the Indians of North America). Unlike many other fictional languages, Klingon has a detailed grammar, vocabulary, phonetics, and syntax (Sidorova, 2006: 74).
In the phonetic system of the Klingon language, some sounds unusual for Indo-European inhabitants are used, for example, the glottal stop. Such sounds were brought in from different languages of the American Indians in order to emphasize the "alien" sound (Shuvalova, 2005: 143).
In the writing system, several variants were developed, based on some features of the Tibetan script, with their own alphabet and numbers. There is also a version of writing, which is recoded into Latin characters.
Moreover, there is a special regulatory organization, the Klingon Language Institute, which has as its task the promotion of Klingon culture and translations of classical literature, including the Bible and Shakespeare into Klingon . The first Klingon dictionary was published in 1985.
Divine language, according to the mythology of the film "The Fifth Element", is the oldest known language in the entire universe. The main speakers of this language are the Mondoshavan race , as well as the Fifth Element itself. The author of the language is Luc Besson , screenwriter and director of the film "The Fifth Element", however, during the filming, the leading role, native speaker, Mila Jovovich , made changes, and also practiced "divine language" in correspondence with Besson .
The divine language has its own basis of phonetics and grammar of French and Arabic and includes about 400 words. Some time after the popularization of the film, the dictionary of the divine language was developed by the most inspired fans (Shuvalova, 2005:
148).
Na'vi is the language of the humanoids, the three-meter blue- skinned inhabitants of the planet Pandora in James Cameron 's film " Avatar ". The language was developed by P. Frommer , professor of philology at the University of Southern California, together with the film director J. Cameron in 2009. The language has a well-developed phonetic, morphological and syntactic structure, as well as a constantly updated dictionary. P. Frommer notes that in its structure, Na'vi goes back to the Papuan and Australian languages, but some parts of the dictionary are phonetically close to the German language, while others are close to Polynesian. By the time of the film's release, the Na'vi dictionary had about 1,000 words, but Frommer had already increased the vocabulary to 1,500 units, and had also published a grammar structure and teaching materials.
The Atlantean language, the progenitor of all languages, is used by the Atlanteans in Joss ' animated film Atlantis: The Lost World Whedon (2001 ). The creators of the cartoon present the Atlantean language as the first language in the history of mankind, the source of all other languages. The developer of the language is the linguist Mark Okrand , who combined in it the Sumerian and indigenous North American languages, Chinese, Latin, and Hebrew based on Indo-European. The language has a developed phonetic system, a grammatical system, as well as a writing system. The colorful, beautiful, melodious Atlantean language is not static to this day: it continues to develop with the help of enthusiasts (Shuvalova, 2005: 146).
The minion language, the so-called Banana, serves as a means of communication for small yellow creatures who serve the main villain of the Despicable Me cartoon. The main creators of the minion are the cartoon directors, Kyle Bald and Pierre Coffin , who in turn voiced many of the phrases. Basically, the language is based on baby talk: the use of simple syllables with alternating consonants and vowels, raised tones. A feature of the language can be considered the frequent replacement of the sounds “b” and “p”: this is how “ apple ” turns into “ babble ”, and “ hello ” into “ bello ”. However, the minion language consists not only of children's English, in the process of its development, Pierre Coffin was based on the knowledge of Chinese, Indonesian, Hindi, Japanese, Spanish and Italian: “I took those words that describe an object or phenomenon with their sound, not meaning” . Thus, the basis of the Minyon language is the phenomenon of onomatopoeia. The Minion language is not considered a fully-fledged fictional language like Klingon or Na'vi , but it is quite young and more developed than the Ewok language from the Star Wars movie.
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