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participles, 32
passive formation, 10–11
passive voice, 10
past tense, 188–89
Pelsmaekers, K., 136
perfective aspect, 132, 124, 190–92
performative verb, 50–52
periphrastic do, 138
perlocutionary speech acts, 50
personal pronouns, 119–20
phatic communication, 88
Philological Society, 160
phonaesthemes, 4
phonemes, 3, 196–97
phonetic alphabet, 195, 196, 197–98
phonology/phonetics, 7
phonotactic constraints, 209–10
phrase 117 see also noun phrase
pidgin, 22
place of articulation, 195, 198–207
Plag, I., 152, 179
plosives, 199–200
Polish, 27
politeness, 3, 11, 62, 65
political correctness, 14–15
polysemous words, 163–65
Portuguese, 23
gender, 27
possessive pronouns, 120
post-vocalic /r/, 71–72, 203
power relationships, 62–65
pragmatic meaning, 47, 48–49, 151–52
pragmatics, 1, 7, 9–10
pre-closing sequence, 90, 205
predicate, 112
predicator, 137–40
prepositional phrase, 121–22
prescriptive rules, 7
prescriptivism, 13–14
informed, 14–15
present tense, 189–90
primary auxiliary verb, 123–25,
123–26
primary stress, 210–13
principles, 7
print culture, 33–34
progressive aspect, 132, 124, 190–92
pronouns, 103, 119–20
Proto-Germanic, 29–31
Proto-Indo-European (PIE), 26–27
open and closed, 84–85
origins, 29–31
proto-languages, 24
prototype, 176
Proto-World, 30
proximal deictic, 186–87
pseudo-cleft clause, 101–2
psychologists (and language), 2
Pullum, G., 112, 115, 128, 132, 186
quality maxim, 56, 57–58, 61
quantity maxim, 56–57, 61
Quirk, R., 99, 104, 115, 123–24, 124, 126, 128, 131, 136, 137,
139, 189
received pronunciation (RP), 73, 202
recursion, 122–23
reference, 10, 48, 102–4
referential deixis, 151
reflexive pronouns, 120
register, 80, 81–83
spoken and written, 83–84
regular verbs, 123–24
relation maxim, 56, 58–59
relative clause, 121–22, 133–34
Renfrew, C., 29–30
rheme, 99–101
rhotic speech, 203
Rickford, J., 75
Roberts, John, 48
Roget, Peter, 159
Roget’s Thesaurus, 159
Roman alphabet, 198
rounded vowels, 205
rules, 6–12
Russian, 23, 35
case, 26
gender, 27
word order, 38
Sacks, H., 86–88, 90
Sanskrit, 27, 42
Santa Barbara Corpus of Spoken American English
(SBCSAE), 87
Saussure, Ferdinand de, 3–5, 20
Schegloff, E. A., 86–88, 89, 90
Schneider, E., 43
schwa, 71, 203
Searle, J., 50, 54, 55, 65
secondary stress, 210–13
semantic primes, 169–70
semantic relations, 170–76
semantics, 8, 48
semiotic systems, 3
sentences, 47, 53, 136–40
interpretation of, 48
stress, 213–15
structure, 12, 98–102, 112–13, 130–31
vs. utterance, 49–50
Index
257
Shakespeare, William, 34
Short Introduction to English Grammar, A (1762), 34
signifier, 3–5
signing, 5
signs, 3–5
Simon, John, 12–14
“Simplest Systematics for the Organization of Turn-Taking
for Conversation, A” (1974), 86–88
Sinclair, J., 150, 166
Sino-Tibetan, 23
Sirotta, Milton, 180
Skinner, B. F., 15
slang, 73
small clause, 143
social context, 9
social distance, 64–65
social markers, 72
social meaning, 152
social networks, 75
Spanish, 23, 39, 180
case, 27
gender, 27
Sparck Jones, K., 170
spatial deixis, 151
spread vowels, 205
speaker turns, 10, 79
speaker variables, 70–76
specialized dictionaries, 159
specific reference, 185–86
speech act theory, 47, 50–54
appropriateness conditions, 54–55
speech patterns, age and, 72–73
speech segments, 196, 196–97
Sperber, D., 61–62
spoken registers, 83–84, 85–86
St. Augustine, 32
stance adverbials, 145–46
Stockwell, R. P., 155, 212
strict constructionism, 48
style shifting, 75–76
subject, 112, 137–40
subject complement, 116, 142
subjective form, 120
subordinate clauses, 8, 131–35
coordination, 134–35
subordinating conjunctions, 131–34
substitution, 102, 104
suffixes, 119
suprasegmentals, 208–16
Svartvik, J., 99, 104, 115, 123–24, 124, 126, 128, 131,
136, 137, 139, 189
Svensson, A. M., 211
Swedish, 21
syllables, 208–10
stress, 210–13
synchronic vs. diachronic linguistics, 20
synonyms, 106
synonymy, 170–72
Syntactic Structures (1957), 15
syntax, 8, 36, 146
constituency, 112–13, 146
form and function, 116–17, 116–17, 146
linear and hierarchical structure, 115–16, 146
Tabler’s Cyclopedic Medical Dictionary, 159
tact, 65–66
Tao, H., 93
telephone calls, 88–89
temporal deixis, 151
temporal relationships, 108
tense, 124
tense vowels, 204–5
text, 80–81
textualism, 48
theme, 99–101
theory of functional grammar, 3, 16–17
theory of generative grammar, 3, 16
theory of principles and parameters, 39
theory of utterance selection, 40–41
thesauruses, 159
Third New International Dictionary (Merriam-Webster),
154
Thomas, J., 54
Thomason, S. G., 33, 41–42
Thrax, Dionysius, 115
to-infinitive clause, 132–33
Tomlin, R. S., 36, 39
tone-units, 99–100, 213–16
tonic syllable, 214–15
topicalization, 37–38, 100–101
transcription systems, 86–87
transition relevance place (TRP), 91
transitive verb, 130
Trask, R. L., 30
Turkish, 35
turn taking, 86
Tynedale, William, 34
ultimate constituents, 112
unabridged/abridged dictionaries, 159
United States, 22
colonization of, 34
unity of structure, 80, 84–85, 108
unity of texture, 98, 108
universal grammar, 16
unmarked tone unit, 100, 214–15
unvoiced sound, 7
Uralic language family, 30
utterance, 47, 49–50
Variation Across Speech and Writing (1988),
83
verb phrase, 123–30
verbal hygiene, 13
Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior
(1959)
verbless clause, 134
verbs
auxiliary, 123–26, 137–38
base form of, 123
ditransitive, 141
finite, 131–33
intransitive, 130
irregular, 124
lexical, 117, 123–24, 137–39
linking, 116, 142
modal auxiliary, 123–26
258
INDEX
monotransitive, 140–41
non-finite, 131–33
performative, 50–52
primary auxiliary, 123–25, 123–26
regular, 123–24
transitive, 130
voicing, 7, 195, 199–202, 205–7
voicing assimilation, 7, 206–7
vowel reduction, 214
vowels (English), 202–3, 204–5
differences between General American and Received
Pronunciation, 203–4
lengthening of, 207–8
Watkins, C., 25
Webster, Noah, 159
dictionary (1806), 34
Webster’s Third New International Dictionary, 158, 159, 165,
166, 180
Welsh, 43
WH question, 138–39
Whaley, L., 41
Wierzbicka, A., 169–70
Wikipedia, “List of Languages by Number of Native
Speakers”, 20
Williams, J., 60
Willners, C., 174
Wilson, D., 61–62
word classes, and phrases, 117
word definitions, creating, 165–67
word formation process, 151, 176–78
word meaning, 157–59
determining, 159–65
word orders, 36–38
Wordnet, 175
World Almanac, 20
written registers, 83–84, 93–95
written vs. spoken language, 5–6
Yavas, M. S., 205
Yiddish, 23, 180
You Just Don’t Understand: Women and Men in Conversation
(2001), 48
Zipf, George Kingsley, 161
Zipf’s Law, 161
Index
259
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