Introducing English Linguistics

study of architecture I really enjoyed
(ICE-GB S1A-034 17:1:B)
With stress on STÙdy, he is telling B that he realized that he liked studying
architecture rather than practicing it; with stress on ÀRchitecture, he is say-
ing that he preferred studying architecture rather than some other subject.
Markers of cohesion
While cohesion is promoted through focus and emphasis, it can also be
achieved by a series of processes that establish explicit connections
between clauses. Whenever speakers or writers use a word such as there-
fore, for instance, they are explicitly signposting a relationship between
sections of the text that they are creating, indicating that what comes
next in the text is a logical consequence of what has previously been said.
This kind of link, called a cohesive tie, is part of a process called
Conjunction
, one of five types of cohesion proposed for English by
Michael A. K. Halliday and Ruqaiya Hasan in their highly influential 1976
book Cohesion in English. In this book, Halliday and Hasan comprehensive-
ly describe how cohesion is achieved by conjunction and four other
processes: Reference, Substitution, Ellipsis, and Lexical Cohesion.
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INTRODUCING ENGLISH LINGUISTICS

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Reference.
Because the study of reference is typically done within the
field of semantics, a full discussion will be deferred until Chapter 6. But
for purposes of establishing cohesive ties in a text, Reference is a process
whereby a construction such as a third-person pronoun links parts of a
text that have the same referent. In the example below, she and her refer
back in the text to Maria, a proper noun that refers to a particular female
in the external world named Maria.