i n t e r nat i o na l l aw t o day
55
while the creation of such international institutions as the League of Na-
tions and the Permanent Court of International Justice encouraged an
appreciation of institutional processes.
However, after the Second World War a growing trend appeared intent
upon the analysis of power politics and the comprehension of interna-
tional relations in terms of the capacity to influence and dominate. The
approach was a little more sophisticated than might appear at first glance,
for it involved a consideration of social and economic as well as political
data that had a bearing upon a state’s ability to withstand as well as direct
pressures.
40
Nevertheless, it was a pessimistic interpretation because of its
centring upon power and its uses as the motive force of inter-state activity.
The next ‘wave of advance’, as it has been called, witnessed the successes
of the behaviouralist movement. This particular train of thought intro-
duced elements of psychology, anthropology and sociology into the study
of international relations and paralleled similar developments within the
realist school. It reflected the altering emphasis from analyses in terms of
idealistic or cynical (‘realistic’) conceptions of the world political order,
to a mechanistic discussion of the system as it operates today, by means
of field studies and other tools of the social sciences. Indeed, it is more a
method of approach to law and society than a theory in the traditional
sense.
41
One can trace the roots of this school of thought to the changing con-
ceptions of the role of government in society. The nineteenth-century
ethic of individualism and the restriction of state intervention to the very
minimum has changed radically. The emphasis is now more upon the re-
sponsibility of the government towards its citizens, and the phenomenal
growth in welfare legislation illustrates this. Rules and regulations con-
trolling wide fields of human activity, something that would have been
unheard of in the mid-nineteenth century, have proliferated throughout
the nations of the developed world and theory has had to try and keep up
with such re-orientations.
40
See e.g. H. Morgenthau,
Politics Among Nations
, 4th edn, New York, 1967, and K. Thomp-
son,
Political Realism and the Crisis of World Politics: An American Approach to Foreign
Policy
, Princeton, 1960. See also A. Slaughter Burley, ‘International Law and International
Relations Theory: A Dual Agenda’, 87 AJIL, 1993, p. 205, and A.-M. Slaughter,
A New
World Order
, Princeton, 2004; R. Aron,
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