812
i n t e r nat i o na l l aw
direct representations to third governments where it is believed that they
were in breach of their international obligations.
216
The issue was discussed by the Court of Appeal in
Abbasi
v.
Secretary
of State.
217
It was noted that there was no authority which supported the
imposition of an enforceable duty on the UK authorities to protect its
citizens; however, the Foreign Office had a discretion whether to exercise
the right it had to protect British citizens and had indicated what a citizen
may expect of it through, for example, the Rules regarding the Taking
up of International Claims. The Court concluded that, in view of the
Rules and official statements made,
218
there was a ‘clear acceptance by the
government of a role in relation to protecting the rights of British citizens
abroad, where there is evidence of miscarriage or denial of justice’.
219
While the expectations raised by such Rules and statements were limited
and the discretion wide, there was no reason why any decision or inaction
by the government should not be judicially reviewable under English
law, if it could be shown that such decision or inaction were irrational
or contrary to legitimate expectation. It might thus be said that there
existed an obligation to consider the position of any particular British
citizen and consider the extent to which some action might be taken on
his behalf.
220
This legitimate expectation of the citizen was that his or her
request would be ‘considered’, and that in that consideration ‘all relevant
factors will be thrown into the balance’.
221
The Court held that the ‘extreme
case’ where judicial review would lie in relation to diplomatic protection
would be if the Foreign and Commonwealth Office were, contrary to its
stated practice, to refuse even to consider whether to make diplomatic
representations on behalf of a subject whose fundamental rights were
being violated.
222
The scope of a state to extend its nationality
223
to whomsoever it wishes
is unlimited, except perhaps in so far as it affects other states. Article 1 of
the Hague Convention on Certain Questions Relating to the Conflict of
Nationality Laws, 1930, for example, provides that,
216
UKMIL, 70 BYIL, 1999, pp. 528–9.
217
[2002] EWCA Civ. 1598; 126 ILR, p. 685.
218
See UKMIL, 70 BYIL, 1999, pp. 528–9.
219
[2002] EWCA Civ. 1598, para. 92.
220
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