International
Criminal Law
416
criminal law 9
money laundering 66–67
Permanent International
Criminal Court 392–93
police
See
Police co-operation
transnational
organised crime 51–52
Commission on
Narcotic Drugs
55,
56
Consular immunities
174–76
Convention for the
Suppression of the
Traffic of Persons and of
the Exploitation of the
Prostitution of Others
6
Corroboration
evidence before ad
hoc tribunals 297, 316
Corruption
drug-trafficking 54
transnational organised
crime 49, 50
Council of Europe
cybercrime
Convention on
Cybercrime 74–75
initiatives 74–75
money laundering 61
Custom ary law
apartheid 122
consistent objection 3
criminalisation 6
General
Assembly
resolutions 2–3
hot pursuit, right of 104
jus cogen
norm 3
national legal systems
principles derived from 3–4
objections 3
objective element 2
piracy 95, 97
slavery 110
sources of international law 2
subjective element 2
torture 118
Cybercrime
73–83
Australia 82
Council of Europe
Convention on
Cybercrime 74–75
initiatives 74–75
e-commerce 73
European Union
COMCRIME study 76
EU Safer Internet
Action Plan 79–80
European Commission
Cybercrime and
Communication 76–79
initiatives 76–80
freedom of expression 73
G8 States, action by 74
growth 73
international initiatives 81
jurisdiction 73
national initiatives 81–83
OECD Security
Guidelines 81
offences 73
privacy, right to 73
recent developments 73
self-regulation 73
technical measures
to prevent 73
United Kingdom 82–83
Dayton Peace
Agreement
342
Debt bondage
111–12
Defences in international
criminal law
127–42
abuse of process 127
actus reus
127
burden of proof 128
concept of defence 127
duress 135–38
exclusion of criminal
responsibility 129
general defences 127
intoxication 140
manifest illegality 133–34
meaning of defence 127
mens rea
127
mental incapacity 141–42
mistake of fact or law 141
ne bis in idem
127
necessity 135–38
nullum crimen nulla poena
sine lege scripta
127
Index
417
presumption of innocence 128
procedural defences 127
retroactivity of
criminal law 128
self-defence 138–39
special defences 127
Statute of the
International
Criminal
Court 127, 128, 129
domestic defences 129–31
duress 135–38
necessity 135–38
superior orders 131–35
statute of limitations 127–28
substantive defences 127, 128
superior orders 131–35
theoretical
underpinnings 127–31
Deportation order
terrorism 21
Deposition evidence
evidence before ad
hoc tribunals 304–06
Diplomatic immunities
174–76
Disappearances
122–24
crimes against
humanity 123, 124
definition 123–24
enforced 122–24
human rights 124
investigations 123
jurisdiction 124–25
meaning 123
non-State actors 124
torture 124
UN General Assembly’s
Declaration in the
Protection of All Persons
from Enforced
Disappearance 123
UN Human Rights
Commission Working
Group 123
voluntary 122–24
evidence before ad
hoc tribunals 301–02, 316–17
Double criminality
extradition 181–84
Double jeopardy
extradition 181, 189–90
Drug-trafficking
53–60
bribery of public
officials 54
Commission on
Narcotic Drugs, 55, 56
Convention on
Psychotropic
Drugs 57
corruption 54
crime against
international
law, as 59–60
decriminalisation 54
development of
international
measures 54–59
enforcement 54
International Narcotics
Control Board 56
International Opium
Commission 54–55
psychotropic drugs 55
Schengen Implementing
Convention 59
sea, trafficking at 58–59
Single Convention on
Narcotic Drugs 56
Protocol 56–57
social problems 54
States, involvement of 54
terrorism 54
United Nations 55
agencies 55–56
conventions 55
Fund for Drug
Abuse Control 56
Vienna Convention 55, 57–58
Duress
defences in international
criminal law 135–38
East Timor
Special Panels
401–04
Effects doctrine
146–47
Electronic information
terrorism 37
Enforcement of
international
criminal law
Apartheid Convention 8
aut dedere aut judicare
9
International Criminal Law
418
co-operation 9
direct 8–9
extradition 9
Genocide Convention (1948) 8
International Covenant on
Civil and Political Rights 11
international tribunals 8–9
private organisations 11
process 11–12
Erga omnes
obligation
apartheid 122
Eurojust
280–81
European arrest
warrant
199–200,
282–83
European Convention
on the Suppression
of Terrorism
19–20,
46–47
European Court of
Human Rights
extradition 221–22
mutual legal assistance 254
European Judicial
Network
283
European Police
College
283–84
European Public
Prosecutor
281–82
European Union
cybercrime,
COMCRIME study 76
EU Safer Internet
Action Plan 79–80
European Commission,
Cybercrime
and Communication 76–79
initiatives 76–80
European arrest
warrant 199–200,
282–83
European Convention
on Mutual Assistance
in Criminal Matters 237–40, 284
European
Judicial
Network 283
European Police
College 283–84
Europol 273–77
extradition 194–95
money laundering 61
initiatives 68–69
mutual legal assistance
European Convention on
Mutual Assistance in
Criminal Matters 237–40
initiatives 235–42
Schengen Implementing
Convention 236–37
Third Pillar 235–36
Treaty on European
Union 236
police co-operation
corpus juris
284–85
Eurojust 280–81
European arrest warrant 282–83
European Convention
on Mutual Assistance
in Criminal Matters 284
European Court
of Justice 272–73
European Judicial
Network 283
European Police
College 283–84
European
Public
Prosecutor 281–82
Europol 273–77
initiatives 270–85
procedural safeguards 285
Schengen
Acquis
277–79
Schengen Information
System 279–80
terrorism 36
Europol
273–77
Evidence
See also
Mutual legal assistance
ad hoc tribunals
See
Evidence before ad hoc tribunals
exclusionary rules 214–16
extradition 180, 214–16
Evidence before ad
hoc tribunals
287–323
admissibility 298–300
affidavits 294
analysis of rules 295–98
appeals 322–23
authenticity 299
best evidence rule 299
burden of proof 289–90
case law 290
character evidence 306–07
civil law influence 295, 296, 297
competence 297
confessions 292
Index
419
consistent pattern of conduct,
evidence showing 293–94
corroboration 297, 316
cross-examination 292
cultural aspects 321–22
dead persons, written
statements in lieu of 293
definition of evidence 289
deposition evidence 304–06
differences between ICTR
and ICTY rules 289
documentary evidence 301–02,
316–17
exclusionary rules 296–97
expert evidence 322
expert witnesses 294, 309–13
fairness of the trial 291, 298
hearsay evidence 299, 302–04,
317–18
improperly obtained
evidence 313–15
interpretation of rules 296
investigator’s report 307–09
involuntary statements 300
irregularly, evidence
obtained 296
language problems 321
lapse of time 318
legal admissibility 299
legal framework 289–98
national rules
of evidence 295
oppression 300
presumption of
innocence 290
prior statements 320–21
privilege 294, 296–97
probative value 300–301
qualification
as evidence 300
relevance 300
reliability 295–96,
300, 301
reversal of decision
to
exclude
evidence 299
role of judges 287–88
Rules of Procedure
and Evidence 287–88,
290–98
self-incrimination 292
sexual assault cases 294
standard of proof 290, 292, 298
system of proof 297
testimony of
witnesses 291–92
ultimate issue rule 309
weight of evidence 297, 299, 300
corroboration 316
cultural aspects 321–22
determination 315–23
documentary
evidence 316–17
expert evidence 322
general principles 315–16
hearsay evidence 317–18
language problems 321
lapse of time 318
prior statements 320–21
traumas 319–20
witness statements 293
witnesses 291–92
written statements 293
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